Holophrases in Language Acquisition

A holophrase is a single word (such as OK) that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. In studies of  language acquisition, the term holophrase refers more specifically to  an utterance produced by a child in which a single word expresses the type of meaning typically conveyed in adult speech by an entire sentence. Adjective: holophrastic. Rowe and Levine note that some holophrases are utterances that are more than one word, but are perceived by children as one word: I love you, thank you, Jingle Bells, there it is (A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, 2015). Holophrases in Language Acquisition [A]round six months children begin babbling and eventually imitating the linguistic sounds they hear in the immediate environment. . . . By the end of the first year, the first true words emerge (mama, dada, etc.). In the 1960s, the psycholinguist Martin Braine (1963, 1971) noticed that these single words gradually embodied the communicative functions of entire phrases: e.g. the childs word dada could mean Where is daddy? I want daddy, etc. according to situation. He called them holophrastic, or one-word, utterances. In situations of normal upbringing, holophrases reveal that a vast amount of neuro-physiological and conceptual development has taken place in the child by the end of the first year of life. During the holophrastic stage, in fact, children can name objects, express actions or the desire to carry out actions, and transmit emotional states rather effectively. (M. Danesi, Second Language Teaching. Springer, 2003) Many of childrens early  holophrases are  relatively idiosyncratic and their uses can change and evolve over time in a somewhat unstable manner. . . . In addition, however, some of childrens holophrases are a bit more conventional and stable. . . . In English, most beginning language learners acquire a number of so-called relational words such as more, gone, up, down, on, and off, presumably because adults use these words in salient ways to talk about salient events (Bloom, Tinker, and Margulis, 1993; McCune, 1992). Many of these words are verb particles in adult English, so the child at some point must learn to talk about the same events with phrasal verbs such as pick up, get down, put on, and take off. (Michael Tomasello,  Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 2003) Problems and Qualifications The problem of the holophrase [is] that we have no clear evidence that the child intends more than he can express at the one-word stage. (J. De Villiers and P. De Villiers, Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 1979)The single word in conjunction with the gestures and facial expressions is the equivalent of the whole sentence. By this account, the single word is not a holophrase, but one element in a complex of communications that includes nonverbal actions. (M. Cole et al., The Development of Children. Macmillan, 2004) Holophrases in Adult Language Holophrases are  of course a significant factor in modern adult language, for example, in idioms. But by and large, these have historical compositional origins (including by and large). In any specific example, words came first, then the composition, then the holophrase . . .. (Jerry R. Hobbs, The Origin and Evolution of Language: A Plausible Strong-AI Account.)

The Religion Of Christianity During The Palestine - 952 Words

The religion of Christianity was born in Palestine. Jews considered Palestine to be very sacred and viewed it as their Promise Land. Since Palestine was such a desirable location it was wanted by a multitude of foreign powers for the majority of its history. The Egyptians and Assyrians fought over Palestine for centuries. Babylon conquered Assyria and also conquered Palestine. The Persians, who were lead by Cyrus, came next and made it possible for the Jews to return to Palestine. The Greeks were next and then were conquered by the Roman Empire in 63 BC. Palestine was under Roman control when Jesus was born. Christianity was able to develop in atmosphere that was able to connect with the spread of religion. Christianity was joining an environment that was already full of diverse religions. Judaism was the immediate context of Christianity. Jesus, all of the apostles, and the earliest followers of Christianity were Jewish and all of their teachings and writings were shown in Jewish context. Jesus’ time was could be characterized as a small shift from church rituals to own personal ethics, unable to find happiness under foreign domination, a strong feeling of community with one another, and expecting the Messiah to come. Christianity started a movement within Judaism while the Jews were under foreign influence and rule. Multiple Jewish groups had formed during the time of Christ. These Jews had disgruntled views on religious authority with the Roman Empire. The mostShow MoreRelatedThe Birthplace Of Christianity : Israel1367 Words   |  6 PagesI chose to do my project on Israel to learn more about the birthplace of Christianity. Israel is approximately 8,550 square miles. Israel has very fertile and mountainous land around the Middle East and their population is 7,821,850. 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Although the creation stories of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have some differences, the fact that the three Abrahamic religions all arose in the same Middle Eastern area in succession may have had an effect on not only each religion’s beliefs that can be found in their creation myth, but also on their extreme similarities, especially on the ideas regarding the beginning of time. These three religions have greatly influenced each other because of these factors and continueRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Times Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesEngland, the Roman Catholic Church dominated everyday life and controlled everyone whether it is knights, peasants or kings. The Church was one of the most influential institutions in all of Medieval England and played a large role in education and religion. The Churchs power was so great that they could order and control knights and sends them to battle whenever they wished to. The Church also had the power to influence the decision of Kings and could stop or pass laws which benefited them in the

The lost thing free essay sample

Shaun Tan is an Australian illustrator, author of childrens books and projected fiction cover artist. â€Å"The Lost Thing† was originally published as a picture book for children in 2000. The screen adaptation of the story was released in 2010 and it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film the following year. â€Å"The Lost Thing† tells the story of a boy who discovers a bizarre lost creature at the beach and sets out to find somewhere it can belong. Tan draws from a large source of inspiration and cites many influences on his work. His inspiration in creating â€Å"The Lost Thing† was as he began to imagine a world where this was the only illustrated literature available, where everything was fully explained, clear and functional, including all verbal and visual language, all meaning predefined. If something playful and absurd suddenly appeared in this world, the reaction of the people would show the sense of acceptance and connections established. We will write a custom essay sample on The lost thing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This became the real subject of the story, not so much the problem of a lost creature as outlined by the text. Tan is omnivorous when it comes to influences, and he loves to admit this openly. Some influences are very direct and the strong language utilise conveys Tan’s awareness of the situation. â€Å"The Lost Thing† is a powerful example where Tan makes visual references to famous artworks. Many of his influences are a lot more subtle visually; some of the influences are ideological. INSIGHTS A sense of belonging can emerge from the connections made with people, places and the larger world. It is connections that influence where one searches for meaning in ones lives and ultimately where one belongs. This is shown throughout the short film ‘The Lost Thing’. When Tan uses â€Å"The Lost Thing† as a salient object it portrays the message that not everyone feels affiliated within a community. It is clearly portrayed throughout the short film that the creature and the central character aren’t accepted by society, the two protagonists have limited connections with the people around them, hence creating a relationship, and sense of community between themselves. One belongs when one feels connected to others and the world. These connections between people display their place in the world, and their acceptance by society. The restricted sense of acceptance by the characters conveys the message that they are clearly separated from the society around them. This builds the relationship between the two characters as they both have the similarity of not being accepted. This forms a connection with the two central characters starting the sense that they are accepted. Reciprocity is essential to forming a sense of belonging. This notion highlights the disconnections that the creature has with the society. The relationship the protagonist creates with â€Å"The Lost Thing† creates a mutual exchange of favours between the two, as the protagonist starts to feel privileged whilst creating the relationship with the creature. The mutual feeling is shaped as the protagonist sets out to discover where the creature is accepted and has connections with others around it, joining the wider world. Techniques â€Å"The Lost Thing† is a dominant metaphor for the creature on the beach as not only is it a reference about the abandoned creature; it is also inherent within the title. Often one feels pressured to conform to societal expectations. â€Å"The Lost Thing† is large; however everyone ignores it due to societys indifference. In other words you have to conform to belong to such a society in order to be accepted. As the protagonist is chucking things into â€Å"The Lost Things† head, a bright glow illuminates the area around the creature and the boy while the background is faded to black. This colour symbolisation metaphorically, puts forth the sense of self gained and enhanced through their common lack of connection. This sense of acceptance that the two displayed for one another established their affiliation, the audience gains this understanding due to the colour choice of yellow, depicting hope and light. Tan’s choice to then place the colour/bright glow around the protagonists head, provides a biblical allusion, reinforcing the ‘spiritual’ connection between the two. The directorial choices made by Andrew Ruhemann and Shaun Tan portray the loneliness of â€Å"The Lost Thing† and the protagonist. Where the protagonist is walking against the flow of people with â€Å"The Lost Thing† displays his individuality from the masses and the sense that they don’t belong. The juxtaposition Tan uses throughout the film has the effect of irony of how the contrasting creatures feel accepted by each other. In the end, the choices made by Andrew Ruhemann and Shaun Tan display how the protagonist is accepted and that he found his place in society. The frame zooms out showing that his tram is identical to the many others around it showing the similarities with the other people in the community. The powerful use of symbolism emphasises the deep red rusty colours of the industrialised environment. The colour â€Å"red† also emphasises the inherent use of danger. However, the lonely character throws that worry to side to try to find his place of acceptance. The narration throughout the short film also conveys the message of no association with the society. The use of tone used in the narrator’s voice portrays a dull sound emphasising sadness and loneliness. This tone builds an effect on the audience as it conveys the meaning of how it feels to not be accepted. The lost thing free essay sample An outsider I often a person who is perceived to be on the borders of society and it’s through their actions they outlook from the rest of the public. Being an outsider is often associated with segregation and disapproval, however in Shaun Tan’s short film the concept of outsider is celebrated. In ‘The lost Thing’ audience can see an outsider in the sterilized community and through Tan’s use of juxtaposition and narrative voice, we discover and follow the lost things voyage to be in the right place, belonging. Recall Firstly the use of colour is a vibrant technique used by Shaun Tan to explore the role of the outsider in The Lost Thing. The lost thing has been found in the wrong ‘world’ and is noticeably out of place. This is revealed first and fore mostly through the use of colour which shows the lost thing to be frankly different to the world around him. We will write a custom essay sample on The lost thing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While the sterilized and plain world of the boy is symbolized through dull colours and solid, harsh lines of the buildings and homes. The grey and black of the boy’s world is juxtaposed against the bright red and roundedness of the lost thing which in turn, clearly shows that the lost thing is the outsider in this world. This is obvious to the audience during the scene where the boy is taking the lost thing through the city and in the long-shot of the city street we see the bright red stand out against the greyness of the city streets as all the citizens move in one direction, dressed all alike in grey and black. In the meantime the lost thing moves brightly in the opposite direction posing the question to the viewers, is it a negative factor to be the outsider here in this dull and plain world? Moreover an alternative technique that is used by Tan to discover the concept is recurring motif. A motif is a frequent/ repeated pattern or design in a work. For instance, in the concept of the outsider and referring back to the film ‘the lost thing’ we can see that tan had incorporated this technique of reoccurring motif by the use of symbolism. A major example from the film is the repetition on the signs. Signs paly vital role in society and in the short film, because signs are used to show the presence or occurrence of a place or thing. So looking at the film the sign is important in the like of the lost thing. A person narrating the story, is always a pleasant way to intake a story. Therefore anther technique which is understandable in concept of the outsider is the technique of first person narration. This technique is seen all throughout the film. By using this technique, Tan adds emotion to the story. Through his tone of voice we can experience his feelings. With technique of first person narration we can also incorporate the technique of sound and music. These two techniques plays a vital role in this short film because it is through the use of sound the message is conveyed. A prime example of this could include when at the starting of the film the music is all dull and gloomy and the sound effect of lost thing moving gives us as the audience a sensation that the big rounded thing doesn’t fit in that society. In addition to this, when the boy get that sigh form the assistant at the lost property place, the music starts to change. Through the rest of the lost things journey to belonging the music is all happy and cheerful. The change is atmosphere is very visible to the audience. In conclusion it is through the use of all these techniques the concept of the lost thing is clearly celebrated trough this short film. All the techniques tie in to give it that extraordinary effect, via the use of these techniques the audience are able to connect with the emotions of the lost thing, and follow its journey to belonging.

Nuclear Pollution Essay Example

Nuclear Pollution Paper Kirk Sorensen fits into my essay as background of Fuchsia crisis, what caused F-Kashmir Lana leaked the radioactive substance, this background is essential because readers need know what happened in Fuchsia, so that readers can easily understand the scholarly conversation section in my essay. Author: Kirk Sorensen Author bias: Kirk Sorensen is a nuclear technologist, who operates the site neuropathology. Com, Publisher: Forbes. Forbes is an American business magazine owned by Forbes, Inc. Published biweekly, it features original articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics Publisher bias: There is no bias and these site just explanations of what happened at Fuchsia-Didactic. Comprehensiveness: This article analyzes the cause, process and results about Japan Fuchsia Didactic. Also elaborated on why the plant will produce explosion, for example, they do not have to use coolant fluids like water that must operate at high pressures in order to achieve high temperatures. Timeliness: no date. Annotation The author in his article talks about the largest earthquake in modern Japanese hit the Fuchsia-Didactic nuclear power plant, the earthquake did not damage the plant, and the staff in the plant executed a preprogrammed response and began to close the nuclear power plant, but in the first few ours after a nuclear reactor shuts down, fission products are producing significant amounts of heat and unlike fission, this heat generation cant be turned off. It has to run its course to completion. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, managing what is called decay heat is one of the most important aspects of operating a nuclear reactor safely. To remove the heat, todays reactors have an abundance of safety systems, all of which have the same mission, to keep removing decay heat from the nuclear fuel. Unfortunately, when the reactors of Fuchsia Didactic were cooling down, the tsunami came, which destroyed he diesel generators that provide power to drive the pumps that circulate the water coolant through the reactor that removes decay heat. As a result, the reactors become heater and heater, at last, the shield could not endure the high temperature and ruptured at last. Stricter, L. (2012). Nuclear safety chief calls for reform. Nature, 472(7343), 274. DOI: 10. 1038/472274a Evaluation Relevance: This is an article in a peer-reviewed article, the author is Laurent Stricter, a nuclear engineer who is chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WAND), mentions that the nuclear reactors are not safety, e worries about the nuclear industry now is overconfident about their designs and operators. Evidence: Laurent Stickers article fits into my essay as a major position within my scholar conversation part, I will put Laurent Stickers idea on the second section which introduce the scholarly conversation on the nuclear energy safety to explain what reasons that experts appeal us to stop nuclear energy. Whether nuclear energy is safety or not? This is an important question for my essay, and Laurent Stricter disagrees that nuclear energy is safe, especially he thinks this unsafely will threat the people who live nearby he nuclear sites. Author: Laurent Stricter, chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators Author bias: The author point of view is that there are not enough plans in place to immediately help an operator in another country to cope with an accident and he worries about the nuclear industry now is overconfident about their designs and operators. Publisher: Nature publishing group is the worlds best science and medicine website. The site has a lot of scientific research subject, such as energy, natural. Publisher bias: There is no bias and the site will analyze many experimental results or scientific facts. Comprehensiveness: This article is an interview. A respondent is nuclear authority. He analyzed the impact of Japans nuclear energy to produce a series of carefully. Such as, when people ask him: If there is another major accident, is nuclear energy finished? He said: fear so. As we have seen at Fuchsia, an accident in one country has consequences for all nuclear operators elsewhere. Timeliness: The article published online 18 April 2011, so is timely.. Annotation Laurent Stricter points out there has several enormous nuclear sites near ensue population is very unsafely, and he said that after the Fuchsia crisis, showed nuclear sites lack the ability to deal with the accidents such as a loss of electricity supply and cooling capacity. He emphasizes in his article that if there is another major accident happened, the nuclear energy may finished in the future, because the consequence of the nuclear energy accident is too serious to continue it in a country, like what happened in Fuchsia. Baby,Y. The Problems Facing Nuclear Power in Japan Emphasizing Law and Regulations. Retrieved from: HTTPS://m. W/. Coed-nee. Org/law/nil/nil-69/nylon- ABA. PDF Evaluation Relevance: This article introduces the Japanese government how to solve the nuclear pollution. Evidence: In this paper, the author will introduce Japans three major nuclear energy-related laws. He will also discuss the present situation surrounding nuclear power in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing with the emphasis on law and regulations. Author: Hoist Baby. Mr.. Baby is Researcher at the Japan Energy Law institute. Author bias: The facts contained and Ideas expressed in this article are the responsibility of the author alone. Publisher: No. Publisher bias: No. Comprehensiveness: Nuclear power now plays a very important role in the lives of Japanese people. Nuclear power has made a big contribution to a stable supply of electric power in Japan. Nevertheless, in Japan today; the general public has a negative view of nuclear power development. In this report, the author introduced the present situation of nuclear power in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing, especially with respect to laws and regulations. The author think In this report, introduced the present situation Of nuclear rower in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing, especially with respect to laws and regulations. European Commission,(201 3), Renewable energy.

Free Essays on Body Art In The Work Place

â€Å"body art,† I think about self-expression. It comes in many forms such as tattoos, body piercing, skin branding and scarification, and to even more extreme measures such as amputation of body parts. Body art has been an accepted form of body modification for thousands of years. Tattooing has been around since 12000 BC; records prove that they â€Å"were found in Egypt during the time of the building of the pyramids† (Desai). The earliest forms of body piercing also date back to the Egyptians, where Pharos would have their navels pierced (â€Å"Body Piercing†). Ever since then, this art form has made its way all around the world, and it is becoming a widely accepted form of self-expression. However, it is also considered an unacceptable way to modify your body, especially in the work place. I feel that no such person adorning any form of body art, no matter how extreme the case, should be denied a job that they are qualified to perform. I do not think people should judge others by their first impression of a person. A man who wears a suit and tie would be considered to be a better person than a teenager that wore baggy jeans and an oversized coat, and that is what I think is wrong with the world today. People judge others without getting to know them first; they usually discriminate against people by appearance. When someone wants to get a job, they must first have an interview with a manager of that business. In that interview the person is asked several questions, so that they can get a better feel for the person they are about to hire. More than often, the individual would be shunned away due to having piercings on the face and/or visible tattoos, as opposed to a person who had neither. An individual who has been subject to this type of discrimination says, â€Å"I have 16 piercings, and most of them are on my face. I have a hard time finding a job, and it is irritating† (Arcade). In a sur... Free Essays on Body Art In The Work Place Free Essays on Body Art In The Work Place When I think about the words â€Å"body art,† I think about self-expression. It comes in many forms such as tattoos, body piercing, skin branding and scarification, and to even more extreme measures such as amputation of body parts. Body art has been an accepted form of body modification for thousands of years. Tattooing has been around since 12000 BC; records prove that they â€Å"were found in Egypt during the time of the building of the pyramids† (Desai). The earliest forms of body piercing also date back to the Egyptians, where Pharos would have their navels pierced (â€Å"Body Piercing†). Ever since then, this art form has made its way all around the world, and it is becoming a widely accepted form of self-expression. However, it is also considered an unacceptable way to modify your body, especially in the work place. I feel that no such person adorning any form of body art, no matter how extreme the case, should be denied a job that they are qualifie d to perform. I do not think people should judge others by their first impression of a person. A man who wears a suit and tie would be considered to be a better person than a teenager that wore baggy jeans and an oversized coat, and that is what I think is wrong with the world today. People judge others without getting to know them first; they usually discriminate against people by appearance. When someone wants to get a job, they must first have an interview with a manager of that business. In that interview the person is asked several questions, so that they can get a better feel for the person they are about to hire. More than often, the individual would be shunned away due to having piercings on the face and/or visible tattoos, as opposed to a person who had neither. An individual who has been subject to this type of discrimination says, â€Å"I have 16 piercings, and most of them are on my face. I have a hard time finding a job, and it is irritating† (Arcade). In a sur...

An Achievement Gap Created by the Summer Slide Before Grade 9

An Achievement Gap Created by the Summer Slide Before Grade 9 By the time students in the United States enter grade 12, they will have spent 96 weeks, or the rough equivalent of 2 out 13 required academic years, in time designated as summer vacation. Researchers have been bemoaning the loss of this collective time as they point to the negative consequences of summer vacation up to and including high school..   Negative Impact of Summer Vacation Research A meta-analysis of 138 influences or â€Å"what works in education† was published (2009)  in  Influences And Effect Sizes Related To Student Achievement  by John Hattie and Greg Yates. Their results are posted on their  Visible Learning  website.   They ranked the effects of completed studies (national and international), and using the data combined from these studies, they developed a rating where any influence greater than .04 was a contribution to student achievement. For their finding on summer vacation,  Ã‚  39 studies  were used  to rank the effect of summer vacation on student achievement. The findings using this data revealed summer vacation as having  a negative effect (  -.09 effect) on education. In other words, summer vacation ranked at the bottom of what works in education, a dismal 134 out of 138 influences.. Many researchers refer to the achievement damage done during these months off as summer learning loss or the â€Å"summer slide†Ã‚  as described on the US Department of Educations blog Homeroom. A similar finding came from  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Effects of Summer Vacation on Achievement Test Scores: A Narrative and Meta-Analytic Review†Ã‚  by  H. Cooper, et al. Their work updated the findings of a 1990 study that originally found: Summer learning loss is very real and has important repercussions in the lives of students, especially those with fewer financial resources. There were several key findings outlined in their updated 2004 report: At best, students showed little or no academic growth over the summer. At worst, students lost one to three months of learning.Summer learning loss was somewhat greater in math than reading.Summer learning loss was greatest in math computation and spelling.For disadvantaged students, reading scores were disproportionately affected and the achievement gap between rich and poor widened. This achievement gap between haves and have nots widens with summer learning loss. Socio-Economic Status and Summer Learning Loss Multiple studies have confirmed that  students in low-income households develop an average two month reading gap during the summer. This gap is cumulative, and each summers two month gap contributes to a sizable learning loss, especially in reading, by the time a student reaches grade 9. Research published in the article Lasting Consequences of the Summer Learning Gap   by  Karl L. Alexander, et al, charted how a students socio-economic status (SES) plays a role is summer learning loss: We find that cumulative achievement gains over the first nine years of childrens schooling mainly reflect school-year learning, whereas the high SES-low SES achievement gap at 9th grade mainly traces to differential summer learning over the elementary years. In addition, a  white paper commissioned by the Summer Reading Collective determined that  two-thirds of the 9th grade achievement gap in reading could be between students from low-income households and their higher-income peers. Other important findings findings pointed out that access to books was critical to slowing summer learning loss. Neighborhoods in low income areas with public libraries for student access to reading materials had  significantly more gains in reading scores from spring to fall than students from high-income households with access to books as well as those from low-income households without access to books at all. Finally, the Summer Reading Collective noted that socio-economic factors played a critical role in learning experiences (access to reading materials, travel, learning activities) stating: Differences in children’s summer learning experiences during their elementary school years can ultimately impact whether they earn a high school diploma and continue to college. With the considerable amount of research documenting the negative impact of summers off, one may wonder why the American public education system embraced summer vacation. History of Summer Vacation: The Agrarian Myth Dispelled Despite the widely held myth that the educational calendar followed farm calendars, the 178 day school year (national average) became standardized for an entirely different reason.  The adoption of summer vacation was the result of an industrial society that opted to let urban students out of the sweltering cities  during the summer months. Kenneth Gold, a professor of education at the College of Staten Island, debunked the myth of an agrarian school year in his 2002 book  School’s In: The History of Summer Education in American Public Schools.  Ã‚   In the opening chapter,Gold notes that if schools were following a true agrarian school year, students would be more available during the summer months while crops  were growing but unavailable during planting (late spring) and harvesting (early fall).   His research demonstrated  that before the standardized school year,  there were concerns that too much school was bad for the health of students and teachers: â€Å"There was a whole medical theory that [people would get sick] from too much schooling and teaching† (25). Summer vacation was the solution to these medical concerns during the  mid-19th Century.   As  cities expanded rapidly, concerns were raised about the moral and physical dangers that unsupervised summer posed to urban youth. Gold goes into great detail about the  Vacation Schools, urban opportunities that offered a wholesome alternative. The 1/2 day  sessions in these vacation schools were attractive to participants and teachers were allowed to be  creative and more lax, addressing the  fears of [mental] overtaxation (125). By the end of World War I,   these vacation schools had become more in line with a growing academic bureaucracy. Gold notes, ...summer schools adopted a regular academic focus and a credit-bearing function, and they soon bore little resemblance to the vacation programs that preceded them (142). These academic summer schools were geared to allow students to gain extra credits, either to catch up or to accelerate, however, the creativity and innovations of these vacation schools diminished as the funding and staffing were in the hands of the administrative progressives that were overseeing the urban districts   Gold traces the standardization of education noting the growing body of  research on the adverse impact of summer vacation, especially on economically disadvantaged students as a growing concern. His work on how American education served the needs of a  continuously growing â€Å"summer leisure economy† clearly demonstrates  the stark contrast of mid-19th Century’s academic standards with the growing demands of 21st Century academic standards with their emphasis on college and career readiness. Stepping Away from Traditional Summer Vacation Schools K-12, and post-secondary experiences, from community college to graduate universities, are now experimenting  with a burgeoning market of opportunities for online learning. The opportunities bear names such as   Synchronous Distributed Course,  Web-Enhanced Course,  Blended Program, and others; they are all  forms of e-learning.   E-learning is rapidly changing the design of the traditional school year as it can be made available beyond the walls of a classroom at varying times. These new opportunities may make learning available through multiple platforms throughout the year. In addition, experiments with year-round learning are already well into their third decade. Over 2 million students participated (by 2007), and the research (Worthen 1994,   Cooper 2003)  on the effects of year round schools explained in   What Research Says About Year-Round Schooling (compiled by  Tracy A. Huebner) shows a positive impact: Students in year-round schools do as well or slightly better in terms of academic achievement than students in traditional schools;Year-round education may be particularly beneficial for students from low-income families;Students, parents, and teachers who participate in a year-round school tend to have positive attitudes about the experience. On more than one follow-up to these studies, the explanation for the positive impact is simple: The loss of retention of information that occurs during the three-month summer vacation is lessened by the shorter, more frequent vacations that characterize year-round calendars. Unfortunately, for those students without intellectual stimulation, enrichment, or reinforcement-whether they are economically disadvantaged or not- the long span of summer will culminate in an achievement gap.    Conclusion The  artist Michelangelo is reputed to have said, I am still learning (Ancora Imparo)  at the age of 87, and while he never enjoyed the American public school summer vacation, it is unlikely he went for long periods without the intellectual stimulation that made him the man of the Renaissance. Perhaps his quote could inverted as a question if there are chances to change the design of school academic calendars. Educators could ask, Are they still learning during the summer?

Discussing the benefits and costs of such a metallic monetary system Essay

Discussing the benefits and costs of such a metallic monetary system for an aspiring new country - Essay Example In as much as metallic money has its advantages, it also has its dark sides. For metallic money to be effective in any country, it requires a large amount of gold and silver (Poor, 121). Since gold and silver are highly valued metals, there are used in place of monetary value. This can, however, be an expensive the metallic monetary system, for a young nation. The initial cost of producing metallic money is also expensive because of the machinery and equipment used, and the high labor cost required. This can be a burden to the country’s resources. Due to the expensive nature of gold and silver used in production of metallic money, their circulation in the economy can be limited. A new nation cannot afford to purchase a large number of these metals. It is hard to make metallic money distinctive enough so that large denomination of money can be produced (Poor, 127). There are few metals used to make money and so a limited color choice. Metallic money is, therefore, not desirable to make large denomination of money. . Metallic money is a durable type of money system. To a new country, this is advantageous because the nation will spend once on their manufacture. The metals are highly resistant to wear and tear as compared to paper money (Poor, 120). This is because most of the metals used to make money are combined with other metals to make alloys which make them last longer. In the long run, the metallic monetary system can be cheaper to produce and are cheaper to count as compared to paper money. Metal money is valuable. The main metals used for making metal money are gold and silver, which are expensive metals. The value of the currency of a nation will still be controlled by gold and silver, which hardly lose value in the world. Therefore, if a new nation decides to use metallic monetary system, its currency will be stable for a long time. Metallic money is made from gold and silver, which are very expensive. This will make the

The Truman Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Truman Show - Essay Example The unsuspecting protagonist, who has no idea that everything around him and everyone around him are just behaving the way they are supposed or told to, gives the story a fresh appeal. As the story progresses, each stage if it makes the audience think what would they do if they were in Truman’s place. It makes people wonder what his reaction would be in the end when he finds out about the truth. Even his mother, wife and best friend are part of it so that makes his situation really pathetic. The people whom a person trusts most in the world are all in the plot of filming his life. The world he thinks is real is only make-believe. But then soon he starts picking up clues. He starts discovering the repetitive events have more than habitual meaning to them. Bit by bit he starts to think that he is being set up and he tests things one by one to try and unravel the truth. Although Truman trusts his logic to escape from a scripted world, Can Truman force reality since he was living in Seahaven Island for his entire life? Truman has been living twenty nine years of his life in Seahaven and has not yet come across anything that would force him to think out of the ordinary. He works as an insurance salesman, has a lovely wife who is happy always and has a best friend who was with him since he was seven years old. The town is also a dream come true, very neat with everyone smiling at each other and greeting them with sheer respect. The only incident that is seen to be haunting Truman is the death of his father, which took place when they went for sailing when he was a kid. He feels guilty for this incident as it was his curiosity and stubbornness that took him on the trip during the storm. This incident still lingers in him and he has developed hydrophobia. Even though his whole life is â€Å"broadcast 24 hours a day† he has no idea about it. (Weschler 1) That is until one day, a light projector falls from the supposed beautiful, normal sky. Soon more event s start adding up to it, like the time when he drives and he can hear on the radio every turn that he takes, when he goes to his office he finds that inside the lift there is a TV set etc. He even starts to understand that there is more to the things that happen around him than just everyday routine. When he sits in the car and watches from the mirror the order in which the man with the cycle, the man with the flowers etc keep passing here and there and when he takes his wife on a spontaneous ride the traffic just magically appears. The most surprising fact is that everyone knows Truman’s name, are very courteous and ready to help him with anything. He starts to figure out gradually that his life has been set up. He resolves to get away from Seahaven but everything comes in his way. It is like he has no way to escape from that place. He tries talking to his wife and friend but they too behave as though nothing his wrong. But Truman feels it in his guts that everyone is hiding something from him. Chritsof is the creator of this TV show. The man who has invested and spent millions to make a show like this, with the so-called intention of creating a safe world for his corporation adopted son Truman. He can be perceived as God as he is the one who controls everyone and everything in Truman’s life. He is the one who decides and chooses for Truman. All that Truman has to do is get up everyday and go to sleep every night, the rest is controlled by â€Å"the creator.† On one hand, Christof can be seen as a devil who controls

Organizational change Essay Example for Free

Organizational change Essay Organizational change is an ongoing process with important implications for organizational effectiveness. An organization and its members must be constantly on the alert for changes from within the organization and from the outside environment, and they must learn how to adjust to change quickly and effectively. Organizational change is the movement of an organization away from its present state and toward some future state to increase its effectiveness. Forces for organizational change include competitive forces; economic, political, and global forces; demographic and social forces; and ethical forces. Organizations are often reluctant to change because resistance to change at the organization, group, and individual levels has given rise to organizational inertia. Sources of organization-level resistance to change include power and conflict, differences in functional orientation, mechanistic structure, and organizational culture. Sources of group-level resistance to change include group norms, group cohesiveness, and groupthink and escalation of commitment. Sources of individual-level resistance to change include uncertainty and insecurity, selective perception and retention, and habit. According to Lewin’s force-field theory of change, organizations are balanced between forces pushing for change and forces resistant to change. To get an organization to change, managers must find a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change, or do both simultaneously. Types of change fall into two broad categories: evolutionary and revolutionary. The main instruments of evolutionary change are sociotechnical systems theory, total quality management, and the development of flexible workers and work teams. The main instruments of revolutionary change are reengineering, restructuring, and innovation. Often, the revolutionary types of change that result from restructuring and reengineering are necessary only because an organization and its managers ignored or were unaware of changes in the environment and did not make incremental changes as needed. Action research is a strategy that managers can use to plan the change process. The main steps in action research are (a) diagnosis and analysis of the organization, (b) determining the desired future state, (c) implementing action, (d) evaluating the action, and (e) institutionalizing action research. Organizational development (OD) is a series of techniques and methods to increase the adaptability of organizations. OD techniques can be used to overcome resistance to change and to help the organization to change itself. OD techniques for dealing with resistance to change include education and communication, participation and empowerment, facilitation, bargaining and negotiation, manipulation, and coercion. OD techniques for promoting change include, at the individual level, counseling, sensitivity training, and process consultation; at the group level, team building and intergroup training; and at the organizational level, organizational confrontation meetings. CHAPTER OUTLINE 10. 1 What Is Organizational Change? Organizational change is the process by which organizations move from their current or present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. An organization in decline may need to restructure its competences and resources to improve its fit with a changing environment. Even thriving, high-performing organizations such as Google, Apple, and Facebook need to continuously change the way they operate over time to meet ongoing challenges. Targets of Change Organizational change includes changes in four areas: 1. Human resources are an organization’s most important asset. Because these skills and abilities give an organization a competitive advantage, organizations must continually monitor their structures to find the most effective way of motivating and organizing human resources to acquire and use their skills. Changes made in human resources include investment in training, socializing employees, changing norms to motivate a diverse workforce, monitoring promotion and reward systems, and changing top management. 2. Each organizational function needs to develop procedures that allow it to manage the particular environment it faces. Crucial functions grow in importance while those whose usefulness is declining shrink. Thus, key functions grow in importance. Organizations can change structure, culture, and technology to improve the value created by functions. 3 Organizational change often involves changing the relationships between people and functions to increase their ability to create value. 10. 2 Forces for and Resistance to Organizational Change Forces for Change If managers are slow to respond to the forces of change, the organization will lag behind its competitors and its effectiveness will be compromised. (Refer to Figure 10. 1) Competitive forces spur change, because unless an organization matches or surpasses its competitors it will not survive. Managing change is crucial when competing for customers. To lead on the dimensions of efficiency or quality, an organization must constantly adopt the latest technology as it becomes available. To lead on the dimension of innovation and obtain a technological advantage over competitors, a company must possess skills in managing the process of innovation. Economic, political, and global forces, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) or other economic unions, are significant forces of change. The European Union (EU) includes over 27 members eager to take advantage of a large protected market. Global challenges facing organizations include the need to change an organizational structure to allow expansion into foreign markets, the need to adapt to a variety of national cultures, and the need to help expatriate managers adapt to the economic, political, and cultural values of the countries in which they are located. Demographic and social forces include an increasingly diverse workforce. Changes in the demographic characteristics of the workforce require managers to change their styles of managing all employees and to learn how to understand, supervise, and motivate diverse members effectively. Many workers want to balance work and leisure. Managers need to abandon stereotypes and accept the importance of equity in the recruitment and promotion of new hires. Ethical forces such as increasing government, political, and social demands for more responsible and honest corporate behavior are compelling organizations to promote ethical behavior. Many companies have created the position of ethics officer. If organizations operate in countries that pay little attention to human rights or to the well-being of organizational members, they have to learn how to change these standards and to protect their overseas employees. Resistances to Change Resistance to change lowers an organization’s effectiveness and reduces its chances of survival. Resistances or impediments to change that cause inertia are found at the organization, group, and individual levels. (Refer to Figure 10. 1) Organization-Level Resistance to Change Power and conflict: When change causes power struggles and organizational conflict, an organization is likely to resist it. If change benefits one function at the expense of another, conflict impedes the change process. In the old IBM, for example, managers of its mainframe computer division fought off attempts to redirect IBM’s resources to produce the PCs that customers wanted in order to preserve their own power. Differences in functional orientation: This means that different functions and divisions often see the source of a problem differently because they see an issue or problem primarily from their own viewpoint. This tunnel vision increases organizational inertia. Mechanistic structure: Mechanistic structures are more resistant to change. People who work within a mechanistic structure are expected to act in certain ways and do not develop the capacity to adjust their behavior to changing conditions. A mechanistic structure typically develops as an organization grows and is a principal source of inertia, especially in large organizations. The extensive use of mutual adjustment and decentralized authority in an organic structure makes it less resistant to change. Organizational culture: Organizational culture, values, and norms cause resistance to change. If organizational change disrupts taken-for-granted values and norms and forces people to change what they do and how they do it, an organization’s culture will cause resistance to change. Group-Level Resistance to Change Many groups develop strong informal norms that specify appropriate and inappropriate behaviors and govern the interactions between group members. Often, change alters task and role relationships in a group; when it does, it disrupts group norms and the informal expectations that group members have of one another. As a result, members of a group may resist change because a new set of norms must be developed to meet the needs of the new situation. Group cohesiveness, the attractiveness of a group to its members, also affects group performance. A highly cohesive group may resist attempts by management to change what it does or even who is a member of the group. Groupthink and escalation of commitment also make changing a group’s behavior very difficult. Individual-Level Resistance to Change People tend to resist change because they feel uncertain and insecure about what its outcome will be. Selective perception and retention suggest that people perceive information consistent with their views. If change doesn’t benefit them, they do not endorse it. People’s preference for familiar actions and events is a further impediment to change. Lewin’s Force-Field Theory of Change Force-field theory is a theory of organizational change that argues that two sets of opposing forces within an organization determine how change will take place. When the forces are evenly balanced, the organization is in a state of inertia and does not change. To get an organization to change, managers must find a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change, or do both simultaneously. Any of these strategies will overcome inertia and cause an organization to change. (Refer to Figure 10. 2) Managerial Implications Managers must continuously monitor the environment to identify the forces for change. They must analyze how the change will affect the organization and determine which type of change to pursue. 10. 3 Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Organizations Evolutionary change refers to change that is gradual, incremental, and specifically focused. It adds small adjustments to strategy and structure to handle environmental changes. Sociotechnical systems theory, total quality management, and the creation of empowered, flexible work groups are three instruments of evolutionary change that organizations use in their attempt to make incremental improvements in the way work gets done. Revolutionary change refers to change that is sudden, drastic, and organization-wide. It has repercussions at all levels in the organization—corporate, divisional, functional, group, and individual. Three ways to implement revolutionary change are reengineering, restructuring, and innovation. Developments in Evolutionary Change: Sociotechnical Systems Theory Sociotechnical systems theory is a theory that proposes the importance of changing role and task or technical relationships to increase organizational effectiveness. It emerged from a study of changing work practices in the British coal-mining industry. The socio-technical systems theory argues that managers need to fit or jointly optimize the workings of the technical and social systems. A poor fit between an organization’s technology and social system leads to failure, but a close fit leads to success. When managers change task and role relationships, they must recognize the need to adjust the technical and social systems gradually so group norms and cohesiveness are not disrupted. By taking this gradual approach, an organization can avoid the group-level resistance to change. Researchers suggest that a team-oriented system promotes values that enhance efficiency and product quality. Total quality management uses sociotechnical systems theory. Total Quality Management Total quality management (TQM) is a technique developed by W. Edwards Deming to continuously improve the effectiveness of flexible work teams. It was embraced by Japanese companies after World War II. Changes frequently inspired by TQM include altering the design or type of machines used to assemble products and reorganizing the sequence of activities—either within or between functions—necessary to provide a service to a customer. Changing cross-functional relationships to help improve quality is important in TQM. The changes associated with TQM are changes in task, role, and group relationships. Implementing a TQM program is not always easy because it requires workers and managers to adopt new ways of viewing their roles in an organization. Managers must be willing to decentralize control of decision making, empower workers, and assume the role of facilitator rather than supervisor. The â€Å"command and control† model gives way to an â€Å"advise and support† model. Flexible Workers and Flexible Work Teams In implementing socio-technical systems theory and TQM, many organizations are finding it easier to achieve their goals by using flexible workers and teams. Flexible workers can be transferred between departments and functions as demand changes. The advantages of flexible workers include quick response to environmental changes; reduced boredom and increased incentives for quality; better understanding by learning one another’s tasks; and combining tasks to increase efficiency and reduce costs. A flexible work team is a group of workers who assume responsibility for performing all the operations necessary for completing a specified stage in the manufacturing process. A flexible work team is self-managed; members jointly assign tasks and transfer from one task to another. In a flexible work team, separate teams assemble different components and turn those components over to the final-product work team, which assembles the final product. Each team’s activities are driven by demands that have their origins in customer demands for the final product. (Refer to Figure 10. 3) Developments in Revolutionary Change: Reengineering The term â€Å"reengineering† has been used to refer to the process by which managers redesign how tasks are bundled into roles and functions to improve organizational effectiveness. It involves rethinking business processes, activities that cross functional boundaries. Instead of focusing on an organization’s functions in isolation from one another, managers make business processes the focus of attention. A business process is an activity that cuts across functional boundaries and is vital to the quick delivery of goods and services or that promotes high quality or low costs. Because reengineering focuses on business processes and not functions, an organization must rethink the way it approaches organizing its activities. A good example of how to use reengineering to increase functional integration comes from attempts to redesign the materials management function to improve its effectiveness. In the traditional functional design the three main components of materials management—purchasing, production control, and distribution—were typically in separate functions and had little to do with one another. Thus coordinating their activities is difficult. Each function has its own hierarchy, and there are problems in both vertical and horizontal communication. Today, most organizations put all three of the functional activities involved in the materials management process inside one function. Three guidelines for performing reengineering successfully are as follows: Organize around outcomes, not tasks. 2. Have those who use the output of the process perform the process. 3. Decentralize decision making to the point where the decision is made. Reengineering and TQM are highly interrelated and complementary. E-Engineering This is a term used to refer to companies’ attempts to use all kinds of information systems to improve performance. The importance of e-engineering is increasing as it changes the way a company organizes its value-creation functions and links them to improve its performance. Restructuring Restructuring is a process by which managers change task and authority relationships and redesign organizational structure and culture to improve organizational effectiveness. Downsizing is the process by which managers streamline the organizational hierarchy and lay off managers and workers to reduce bureaucratic costs. The drive to decrease bureaucratic costs results from competitive pressures. Mergers and acquisitions in many industries, such as banking, have led to downsizing because fewer managers are needed. Other companies have reduced staff to match competitors. The negative effects of downsizing include overworked managers and lost opportunities. Companies that fail to control growth must downsize to remain competitive. The terms anorexic or hollow are used to refer to organizations that downsized too much and have too few managers to help them grow when conditions change. Restructuring, like other change strategies, generates resistance to change. Often, the decision to downsize requires the establishment of new task and role relationships. Because this change may threaten the jobs of some workers, they resist the changes taking place. Innovation Innovation refers to the process by which organizations use their skills and resources to develop new goods and services or to develop new production and operating systems so they can better respond to the needs of their customers. 10. 4 Managing Change: Action Research In Lewin’s view, implementing change is a three-step process: (1) unfreezing the organization from its present state, (2) making the change, and (3) refreezing the organization in the new, desired state so its members do not revert to their previous work attitudes and role behavior. Action research is a strategy for generating and acquiring knowledge that managers can use to define an organization’s desired future state and to plan a change program that allows the organization to reach that state. Figure 10. 6 highlights the steps in action research. Diagnosis of the Organization The first step in action research requires managers to recognize the existence of a problem that needs to be solved and acknowledge that some type of change is needed to solve it. In general, recognition of the need for change arises because somebody in the organization perceives a gap between desired performance and actual performance. Determining the Desired Future State This step also involves a difficult planning process as managers work out various alternative courses of action that could move the organization to where they would like it to be and determine what type of change to implement. Implementing Action 1. First, managers identify possible impediments to change at all levels. The second step is deciding who will be responsible for actually making the changes and controlling the change process. The choices are to employ either external change agents or internal change agents or use some combination of both. 3. The third step is deciding which specific change strategy will most effectively unfreeze, change, and refreeze the organization. The types of change that these techniques give rise to fall into two categories: Top-down change is implemented by managers at a high level in the organization, knowing that the change will reverberate at all organizational levels. Bottom-up change is implemented by employees at low levels in the organization that gradually rises until it is felt throughout the organization. Evaluating the Action The fourth step in action research is evaluating the action that has been taken and assessing the degree to which the changes have accomplished the desired objectives. The best way to evaluate the change process is to develop measures or criteria that allow managers to assess whether the organization has reached its desired objectives. Institutionalizing Action Research Organizations need to institutionalize action research—that is, make it a required habit or a norm adopted by every member of an organization. The institutionalization of action research is as necessary at the top of the organization as it is on the shop floor. Managerial Implications Managers must develop criteria to evaluate whether a change is necessary, and carefully design a plan that minimizes resistance. 10. 5 Organizational Development Organizational development (OD) is a series of techniques and methods that managers can use in their action research program to increase the adaptability of their organization. The goal of OD is to improve organizational effectiveness and to help people in organizations reach their potential and realize their goals and objectives. OD Techniques to Deal with Resistance to Change Education and Communication: One impediment to change is that participants are uncertain about what is going to happen. Through education and communication, internal and external agents of change can provide organizational members with information about the change and how it will affect them. Participation and Empowerment: Inviting workers to participate in the change process is a popular method of reducing resistance to change. Participation complements empowerment, increases workers’ involvement in decision making, and gives them greater autonomy to change work procedures to improve organizational performance. These are key elements of most TQM programs. People that are involved in the change and decision-making process are more likely to embrace rather than resist. Facilitation: Both managers and workers find change stressful. There are several ways in which organizations can help their members to manage stress: providing them with training to help them learn how to perform new tasks, providing them with time off from work to recuperate from the stressful effects of change, or even giving senior members sabbaticals. Bargaining and Negotiation: Bargaining and negotiation are important tools that help managers manage conflict. Because change causes conflict, bargaining is an important tool in overcoming resistance to change. Manipulation: Sometimes senior managers need to intervene, as politics shows that powerful managers have considerable ability to resist change. Coercion: The ultimate way to eliminate resistance to change is to coerce the key players into accepting change and threaten dire consequences if they choose to resist. The disadvantage is that it can leave people angry and disenchanted and can make the refreezing process difficult. OD Techniques to Promote Change Counseling, Sensitivity Training, and Process Consultation: Recognizing that each individual is different also requires them to be treated or managed differently. Sometimes, counseling will help individuals understand that their own perceptions of a situation may be incorrect. Sensitivity training is an OD technique that consists of intense counseling in which group members, aided by a facilitator, learn how others perceive them and may learn how to deal more sensitively with others. Process consultation is an OD technique in which a facilitator works closely with a manager on the job to help the manager improve his or her interactions with other group members. Team building is an OD technique in which a facilitator first observes the interactions of group members and then helps them become aware of ways to improve their work interactions. The goal of team building is to improve group processes to achieve process gains and reduce process losses that are occurring because of shirking and freeriding. Intergroup training is an OD technique that uses team building to improve the work interactions of different functions or divisions. Its goal is to improve organizational performance by focusing on a function’s or division’s joint activities and output. Organizational mirroring is an OD technique in which a facilitator helps two interdependent groups explore their perceptions and relations in order to improve their work interactions. This technique is designed to get both interdependent groups to see the perspective of the other side. Appreciating others’ perspectives allows the groups to work together more effectively. Total Organizational Interventions: A variety of OD techniques can be used at the organization level to promote organization-wide change. Organizational confrontation meeting is an OD technique that brings together all of the managers of an organization at a meeting to confront the issue of whether the organization is meeting its goals effectively.

The Role of Humor in Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle :: Cats Cradle Essays

The Role of Humor in Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle "I've narrowed comedy down to two words: clown and farts. Because first it makes you laugh, and then it makes you think." Dave Attell's joke comes remarkably close to describing exactly what it is that Kurt Vonnegut is able to do with his writing. First, he makes his readers laugh, and then he forces them to think. By employing such humorous devices as irony and satire, Vonnegut is able to bring humor to a less-than-humorous subject. Cat's Cradle is Vonnegut's novel about the day the world ended. Why, then, is it so full of jokes? By making it so, Vonnegut makes it easier for himself to get his point across. Rather than making the book a crusade against science or religion, he instead creates a light-hearted look at people themselves. By seeing the characters in the book and laughing at them, he is forcing us also to laugh at ourselves. By openly criticizing one religion or another, Vonnegut feared he would have alienated a potential audience or created some discomfort. Rather than offend anyone, then - or perhaps rather to offend everyone equally - he instead created Bokononism, using aspects of all religions, and exaggerating them to the point of absurdity. Though we may laugh at the Bokononists, at the same time we realize that there are certain truths in the creed. In this manner, Vonnegut gets his audience to think about themselves and the follies of their own religions. Another important part of the book is the constant "tirade" against science. Jonah's writing makes it evident that he finds all scientists to be cruel, cold, and unfeeling. At the same time, Vonnegut paints the scientists in a humorous light by employing such techniques as Dr. Breed's scolding of Miss Faust, in which he proudly proclaims how long it's been since a fatal accident. The Role of Humor in Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle :: Cat's Cradle Essays The Role of Humor in Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle "I've narrowed comedy down to two words: clown and farts. Because first it makes you laugh, and then it makes you think." Dave Attell's joke comes remarkably close to describing exactly what it is that Kurt Vonnegut is able to do with his writing. First, he makes his readers laugh, and then he forces them to think. By employing such humorous devices as irony and satire, Vonnegut is able to bring humor to a less-than-humorous subject. Cat's Cradle is Vonnegut's novel about the day the world ended. Why, then, is it so full of jokes? By making it so, Vonnegut makes it easier for himself to get his point across. Rather than making the book a crusade against science or religion, he instead creates a light-hearted look at people themselves. By seeing the characters in the book and laughing at them, he is forcing us also to laugh at ourselves. By openly criticizing one religion or another, Vonnegut feared he would have alienated a potential audience or created some discomfort. Rather than offend anyone, then - or perhaps rather to offend everyone equally - he instead created Bokononism, using aspects of all religions, and exaggerating them to the point of absurdity. Though we may laugh at the Bokononists, at the same time we realize that there are certain truths in the creed. In this manner, Vonnegut gets his audience to think about themselves and the follies of their own religions. Another important part of the book is the constant "tirade" against science. Jonah's writing makes it evident that he finds all scientists to be cruel, cold, and unfeeling. At the same time, Vonnegut paints the scientists in a humorous light by employing such techniques as Dr. Breed's scolding of Miss Faust, in which he proudly proclaims how long it's been since a fatal accident.

Solid Waste Management For Hotels In Mauritius Environmental Sciences Essay

The chief aims of this mini undertaking were: to supply a reappraisal of cardinal constructs and issues relevant to solid waste direction for Small, Medium, and Large Hotel in Mauritius ; to analyze and measure the hotel solid waste direction ( HSWM ) plan in Mauritius and to propose recommendations and countries for farther research. The undermentioned informations aggregation methods were used in this survey: deep reappraisal of paperss and literature, interviews and a propose methodological analysis to transport out the survey. Tourism can convey both positive and negative impacts. One facet of touristry that can hold an impact on local communities is solid waste direction ( SWM ) . Improper SWM can take to pollution and impairment of the aesthetic entreaty of tourer finishs. However, may air hose bureau are assessed the hotels for safety and ecology before puting the tourer in the hotels. A proposed study questionnaire has been designed and could be administered at a ulterior phase for future rating of solid waste in little, medium, and big hotel.The questionnaire has been designed in such a manner to be able to analyze all solid waste within a hotel, illustration, waste from kitchen, shop, office, Front Office, Laundry, Housekeeping and so on Waste minimisation is indispensable in the hotel industry with respects to blow decrease, reuse, recovery and disposal. This is besides referred to as the Hierarchy of Waste Management.From the literature reappraisal obtained from different beginnings, little, medium and big hotel can follow the hierarchy of waste Minimization, Reduction, Reuse and Recovery.However it is besides noticed that there is advantages and disadvantages utilizing Waste Minimization Approach. Now, there is a batch of recycling companies in Mauritius which collect or hotel go to disposed all the stuffs to be recycled such as spectacless to Glass Gallery, Metals to Steel Scrap Ltd, Plastic Bottle to Polypet Recyclers Ltd, Paper to Agripac or Dakhri Paper. If Solid Waste is non decently managed by the hotel, there can be a environmental debasement and pollution, resource depletion and harm to marine ecosystem. The EPA 2002 is enforced by the Ministry of Local Government.According to the EIA, no hotel building till the blessing of the EIA Report Many hotels generate above 20 % of nutrient waste, Green Waste and can be composting.According to the Ministry of Local Government, really few hotels carry out the composting and many of the hotels whether little, medium or big do non hold expertness on composting. It is besides apparent that little and average hotels pay less attending for the execution of waste minimisation than larger hotels, because the costs outweigh the benefits. The little and average hotels have limited infinite for them to use the minimisation wholly.But to some extent little and average hotels can use the hierrerchy.Concepts such as appropriate engineering, cleaner production, life rhythm appraisal and environmental direction systems can be utile for bettering how solid waste direction is approached. Decisions and lessons learned from the literature are presented and links between constructs in the literature and.recommendations made on how to direction waste in these hotels Recognitions First and first, I would wish to show my gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Geeta Devi Unmar for her valuable meetings usher, support for my mini undertaking on Solid Waste Management for Hotel ( Small, Medium and Large ) . I am besides thankful Mr Prakash Kowlessur, Director Solid Waste Unit, and Mr Micheal Marie, Principal Enforcement Officer, Ministry of Local Government, for his helpful coordination with his staffs to roll up the measure of waste per hebdomad. Particular thank to Mr. Shardoo, Environment Officer at Ministry of Environment and NDU for his utile information on EIA usher line for coastal hotel.Finally particular a thank to Mr. Lan Pin Wing Michel, Statistic Section, Ministry of TourismABBREVATIONSTable of Contentss1.0 Introduction1.1 An Overview of Solid Waste In Mauritius The rapid industrialization and urbanisation during the past decennary have led to altering production and ingestion forms that continue to show new demands for natural resources and make new waste watercourses. It is estimated that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 metric tons a twelvemonth ( or 1,200 metric tons per twenty-four hours ) and is expected to make 418,000 metric tons in 2014.Each Mauritanian generates around 0.7 kilogram of solid waste daily and this is expected to lift to 0.9 kilograms by 2010. The development of an integrated solid waste direction scheme is among the precedences identified in the National Environmental Schemes to cut down future costs from environment debasement The addition in the economic development has changed the life manner and the ingestion form of the population. Consequently, this has led to an addition of the sum of solid waste generated.1.2 Composition of MSMIt is found that most of the waste is organic in nature and can be compost easy( Fact Sheet- Ministry of Environment ).1.3 Waste Composition from HotelThere are three chief beginnings of waste from hotels ( office/guest suites, gardens, and kitchen/restaurant ) , and each beginning contains different types of waste. For illustration, there are a batch of compostable, which can be biologically decomposed, present in kitchen-waste while more recyclables are present in waste from office/guest suites ( Chopra, 2004 ) Harmonizing to Reseearch, Dr Wan Li Liao,2008 A typical hotel ‘s waste watercourse in Belize consists of the undermentioned constituent per centums: paper/cardboard 27 % , nutrient waste 45 % , yard waste 8 % , fictile 5 % , metal 5 % , glass 5 % , destruction and building waste 3 % , other 2 % . 1.4 Disposal Of Solid Waste In Mauritius Once solid wastes were disposed of in unfastened dumping evidences, but due to public ailments of the nuisance caused by the disgusting smell emitted by the putrefying waste, all the unfastened mopess have now been closed. The Ministry of Local Government and the Local Authorities are responsible for aggregation and transit of family and commercial wastes. Today, solid wastes are collected and disposed of at the Mare Chicose landfill through transportation Stationss. There are soon 5 transportation Stationss in Mauritius viz. : – Poudre d'Or – Roche Bois – Lanthanum Brasserie – St Martin – Lanthanum Laura Wastes are compacted at the transportation station to cut down their volume before they are transported in larger vehicles to the exclusive landfill of the state which is at Mare Chicose. In hotel really the waste is collected in different bins, that is, segregation at beginning.Waste bearer come to roll up the waste and so reassign to set down make full.For Most of the hotel the transportation is subcontracted to cleaning service such as Securiclean, Maxiclean ltd or even to private lorry.Sometime due to hapless direction of solid waste, hapless storage, and abnormality of waste bearer to roll up waste, make rise to bad odor, gnawers and sometimes it is non esthetics. Now the touristry industry is one of the three pillars of the Mauritanian Economy. Mauritius is become one of the most of import international tourer finishs in the Indian Ocean. The tourer reachings for the twelvemonth 2009 rose up to 413,504, with a prognosis of 1.0 million tourer reachings for the terminal of twelvemonth 2010. Due to the enlargement of touristry industry, there were entire of 97 registered hotels in operation by the terminal of June 2009 ( C.S.O. , 2009 ) . Hotel activities produce immense sum of wastes, which tend to increase as the figure of hotels additions. The job of waste coevals associated to environmental pollution is a challenge to hotels with respects to blow aggregation and disposal. Our infinite land fill become limited Much accent is placed on ecotourism. Ecotourism in fact consists of three elements: natural-based, educational and sustainable direction ( ecoT mgt and buttocks ) Mauritius itself is described as an ecotourism finish in the Indian Ocean and Africa part. ( encyclo of ecoT ) . One illustration of an â€Å" ecogreen † hotel in Mauritius is Le Coco Beach Hotel, whereby ecotourism patterns are applied ( ecot themes.. ) â€Å" Ecogreen † hotels can assist to protect the environment, do hotel operations sustainable, cut down cost and liabilities, and better wellness and safety. Since hotel operations such as housework, saloon and eating house, kitchen, greenscaping, administrative office and staff quarters, bring forth big measures of solid waste, a good solid waste direction system is indispensable. Precedence must be given to the development and execution of a sustainable and incorporate solid waste direction system, promoting current patterns such as reuse, recycling, composting, waste decrease and bar, installations for waste disposal and engineerings to change over waste into energy.1.5 Research GoalsThe betterment of solid waste direction is one of the challenges faced by tourer finishs in Mauritius. This mini undertaking provides full literature reappraisal of the HSWM plan in Mauritius to circulate information about an advanced solid waste direction plan in a tourer finish. This survey will research the subjects Decisions, recommendations and future research waies will be presented at the terminal of the survey. The research objectives for the survey were: To supply a reappraisal of cardinal constructs and issues related to solid waste direction in Mauritius . To analyze and measure the hotel solid waste direction ( HSWM ) plan in Mauritius refering to Small, Medium and Large Hotel To supply infinite to the landfill . To propose recommendations and countries for farther research.1.6 BeneficiariesFrom the result of this mini undertaking I have try to place the HSWM within the Small, Medium and Large Hotel and how the system is working within the hotel, that the hotel staff is confronting and this can function a starting point in the Hotel for bettering its conditions, substructure, work environment and attitudes towards the waste direction, and eco environment.It will be a great benefit for the Small and Medium Hotel2.0 Literature reappraisal2.1.1 What is wasteWastes are those stuffs no longer required by an person, establishment or industry. Wastes are therefore regarded as byproducts or terminal merchandises of the production and ingestion procedure severally. ( Beginning: A. Vesilind, 1995 ) 2.1.2 Solid waste is that stuff which arises from assorted human activities and which is usually discarded as useless or unwanted. Examples of solid wastes: waste tyres bit metal furniture and plaything domestic garbage ( refuse ) discarded contraptions and vehicles empty tins, pigment tins and compressed gas cylinders, plastics and bottle building and destruction dust, 2.1.3 SOURCES AND TYPES OF WASTES Wastes are produced by human activities and include: 1. Municipal wastes 2. Industrial wastes 3. Agricultural wastes 5. Energy coevals wastes.2.1.3 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTEMunicipal solid waste ( MSW ) is a waste type that includes preponderantly family waste ( domestic waste ) with sometimes the add-on of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given country. There are five wide classs of MSW: Biodegradable waste: nutrient & A ; kitchen waste, green waste, paper ( can besides be recycled ) . Reclaimable stuff: paper, glass, bottles, tins, metals, certain plastics, etc. Inert waste: building and destruction waste, soil, stones, dust. Composite wastes: Waste vesture, Tetra Paks, Waste plastics such as playthings. Domestic risky waste & A ; toxic waste: medicine, pigments, chemicals, visible radiation bulbs, fluorescent tubings, spray tins, fertiliser and pesticide containers, batteries, shoeWASTE DISPOSAL2.4 Waste Generation And CollectionIn Mauritius waste aggregation is undertaken by the local governments which consist of 5 municipalities for urban countries and 4 territory councils for rural parts. More recent figures indicate that near to 800 metric tons of waste is collected daily and this figure is set to increase to 1000 metric tons daily in the coming old ages. The followers is a interruption up of the beginnings of waste by tunnage. Trade and Industry: 150 tonnes/ twenty-four hours Domestic waste: 600 tonnes/ twenty-four hours Hotels: 50 tonnes/ twenty-four hours It has been estimated that, on norm, each individual generates 0.6 kilogram of waste daily. Whereas an mean household generates 800 kilogram per twelvemonth. ( Solid Waste Unit, Ministry of Local Government )Type of Waste Percentage of WasteTable 2 -Tonnage of Waste -Mare Chicose Landfill for Year 2007 to 2009 From the graph it can be concluded that the coevals on waste is being unbroken addition. Metallic tins: It is estimated that 28 million metal tins are imported yearly and this is set to increase at a rate of 5.7 % annually.2.4.1 HOTEL WASTE GENARATIONEach hotel room generates an estimated 9.2 kilogram of waste per twenty-four hours ( Wisnu 1998b ) . In Indonesia, per capita waste coevals rates were 0.65-0.83 kg/day in big metropoliss, 0.55-0.63 kg/day in medium metropoliss and 0.47-0.5 kg/day in little towns ( Jindal et al. , 1998 ) . Therefore, the sum of waste generate per hotel room is over 10 times the sum of waste generated per twenty-four hours.From both survey it was concluded that 80 % of waste is organic 2.4.2 Waste Disposal The authorized mopess are found at: ( 1 ) Poudre D'Or ( 2 ) Mt St Pierre ( 3 ) Riche Fond ( 4 ) Solferino ( 5 ) La Martiniere An unspecified figure of unauthorized mopess exist throughout the island. Though illegal dumping takes topographic point at these sites, the governments turn a blind oculus because of the deficiency of appropriate constructions to cover with all the wastes generated on the island. The present method of waste disposal can non go on for long as the mopess are overruning with heterogenous waste and unfastened mopess have obvious disadvantages like the emanation of air pollutants and smells, taint of the H2O tabular array with ooze and taint of aquatic resources like rivers and the laguna. The Roche Bois shit besides situated close to the shore receives domestic, commercial and industrial waste from the Port Louis country. About 100 metric tons of solid waste are discharged daily at the site and so incinerated. The bordering laguna is later polluted with all types of solid waste, it besides a receptacle for sewerage and industrial waste discharge.2.5 Waste ManagementWaste direction ‘ shall intend â€Å" the aggregation, conveyance, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervising of such operations and aftercare of disposal sites † However the newer constructs of ‘Waste direction ‘ talk about ‘Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste ‘ over and above waste disposa1. 2.5.1Waste Minimization Approaches to Hotel Waste The Waste Hierarchy is a list of attacks to pull offing waste, arranged in order of importance. Below is a common graphical representation of the Hierarchy, with the least preferable option for pull offing waste, Recovery, located at the right terminal and the most preferable option, Reduction, located at the beginning left. WASTE MINIMIZAT10N APPRAOCHES Waste Minimization Techniques Delivered by Hotel 2.5.1.1 Decrease Decrease is the topmost attack in the hierarchy of waste direction. It is possibly the most of import component of the waste hierarchy and besides the one which presents the toughest challenges. Harmonizing to the book â€Å" Waste Treatment and Disposal † , decrease â€Å" is the scheme that waste production from commercial ingestion should be reduced. It concerns the ingestion and buying of longer lasting merchandises, and merchandises which are likely to ensue in less waste when they are used. Examples of waste decrease are: purchasing by majority, and utilizing options. 2.5.1.2 Reuse This is the 2nd most of import attack in the hierarchy of waste direction. Reuse is the aggregation and reuse of stuffs, for illustration cleansing and reuse of glass bottles. † Reuse is a more effectual usage of resources. Many of these merchandises can be reused alternatively of being disposed of to landfill Many waste merchandises have the possible to be reused enabling buying cost nest eggs at the installation, every bit good as diminishing waste direction cost. The attack of recycling merchandises can make alterations in attitudes towards disposable merchandises. Examples of merchandises that can be reuse are: used Surs, glass and plastic bottles, scrap paper, and plastic bags.2.5.1.3 RecoveryThis is the 3rd and concluding attack in the hierarchy of waste direction. It includes two types of waste recovery, which are recycling and composting. Harmonizing to the book â€Å" Waste Treatment and Disposal † , â€Å" ( 1 ) Recycling. The possible to recycle stuff from waste is high, Recycling: reprocessing of a cast-off waste stuff to do it suited for subsequent re-use either for its original signifier or for other intents Recycling is good in two ways: it reduces the inputs and reduces the sum of waste produced for disposal.Finally on recycling we can salvage conveyance vehicles, care cost, fuel costIn Mauritius, figures for 2000 show that merely 15 820 metric tons of waste per twelvemonth was being recycled alternatively of 100,000 metric tons ( Min. of Env. & A ; N.D.U-2003 ) .2.6 Benefits of Waste MinimizationThe benefits of the execution of waste minimisation at the hotel whether little, medium or big installation are as follows: 1. Less waste coevals will be produced due to the execution of waste minimisation plans in hotels and the support of tourer visitants and employees. As a consequence, the market tendencies, which attract and motivate tourers to see additions since the environmental quality is maintained. More tourer will be attracted 2. Giving back to the community and demoing environmentally friendly concerns besides enhances the mentality of the hotel ‘s public image. Being socially responsible shows how much the concern attentions about the outside elements that makes the concern successful, and non merely about net incomes 3. Having an environmental focal point of the hotel ‘s operations creates a market niche dividing that peculiar hotel from its rivals, whom are non eco-friendly. An environmental focal point is comparatively new in the hotel industry. 5. Increasing net incomes consequence since an abundant sum of money buying new merchandises which the installation could hold been utilizing the reclaimable merchandises alternatively and paying less for waste disposal. 2.7 Troubles of Waste Minimization Merely as there are many benefits of waste minimisation, there are so many troubles. 1. Although waste decrease, reuse and recovery have become an built-in portion of many hotel direction programs, infinite restrictions and finance frequently make this procedure problematic for some installations. 2. Limited cognition and preparation can be strenuous for directors to train their employees in transporting out these environmentally friendly patterns. Lack of control over these behaviours can be rather demanding. 3 At the smaller hotels, the costs outweigh the benefits go forthing the installation with no inducement to transport out this sustainable manner of operating. Environmental consciousness is turning at a slow rate.2.7 Tourism: Solid waste coevals and impactsHotel activities tend to bring forth big sum of solid wastes ; waste paper, letter paper and ink cartridges from the administrative offices and staff quarters ; old furniture equipments from invitee suites ; nutrient garbages, broken glasswork and other solid waste from the kitchen, saloon and eating houses ; newspapers and magazines from the forepart desk, waste flora from greenscaping and out of usage equipments from the care section. The touristry industry can hold positive impacts for a state. For illustration: addition of national net income, sweetening of the state ‘s planetary image, conveying in investors and improved substructure. On the other manus, negative effects are besides felt ; environmental debasement and pollution, resource depletion and harm to marine ecosystem.2.8 Importance of a good Solid Waste ManagementWaste is unsightly, malodourous and inaesthetic, fouling land, air and H2O, choke offing drainage systems, presenting serious public wellness hazards, and curtailing possible land usage ( Pernia,1992 ) .Improper SWM can ensue in pollution and wellness hazards and waste, if non disposed of decently can go a nuisance and a wellness hazard.Decomposing waste seaport disease vectors, attracts varmint and assist the proliferation of gnawers and rats ( national province of Allegro Papgayo hotel in Costa Rica was closed because of bad and unsustainable waste direction patterns which lead to ocean pollution in the milieus and bad smelling ( â€Å" Costa Rica ‘s Occidental Grand Papagayo to shut? † ,2008 ) . A good SWM is indispensable and should stress on environmental protection and wellness2.9 Approach to a Sustainable and Integrated Solid Waste ManagementAt present, more and more hotels are implementing sustainable patterns to cut down touristry impacts on the environment by utilizing H2O, energy and other stuffs expeditiously. These are termed as â€Å" ecogreen † hotels. This reduces cost for waste disposal and increased net incomes. In Mauritius some hotels like Oberoi Hotel and Le Plantation utilizing recycles points and one eating house from Le Plantation Hotel is made of all recycles stuffs like all home bases, spectacless, chairs, tabular arraies and so on.Another illustration is that At Amelia Island Plantation, Amelia Isla nd, FL, more than 5.5 dozenss of waste is collected for recycling each hebdomad.2.9.1 Energy recoveryTreating waste thermally WTE with heat recovery can assist to provide a clean and trusty energy under the signifier of heat and power. This can lend to salvaging energy ( Pavlas, et al. , 2009 ) . One illustration is Payatas, whereby electricity is produced from methane gas ( Serrona, Yu, 2009 ) . Energy recovery is a really sustainable solution to Plastic Solid Waste since plastics have a high calorific content and corporal energy. Cement kilns and fluidized beds are utilised to retrieve energy from PSW ( S.M. Al-Salem et al. , 2009 ) .2.9.2 CompostingComposting is a natural procedure that turns organic stuff into a dark rich substance. This substance, called compost, is a fantastic conditioner for dirt. It is the decomposition of the organic fraction of waste to bring forth a stable merchandise such as dirt conditioners and turning stuff for workss. Composting can salvage money for transportation of waste to landfill Composting is found to be the best manner to cover with organic types of waste generated ( Narayana, 2009 ) . In fact, for solid waste which have a high wet content and low calorific value, for illustration: nutrient wastes and greenscaping wastes, aerophilic composting is the best method for pull offing this waste. ( Narayana, 2009 ) .2.9.3 WASTE REDUCTIONRefillable agreeableness dispensers can replace soap, lotion, shampoo and conditioner bottles in hotel invitee suites. In Food and Beverage they can buy big Sn butter and replenishing in little porcelain pot instead than to purchase really little butter with smaller plastic container They can utilize Beverage Dispenser instead than can.They cut down waste, cut operating costs and salvage clip. Housekeeping directors save staff clip when they buy extremely concentrated cleansing supplies. Engineering directors cut waste and increase productiveness when they switch from candent visible radiations to fluorescent or LED bulbs. Fluorescent bulbs last five times every bit long as incandescents and LED ‘s operate 25 times longer. Modular mattresses allow hotels to replace merely the mattress tops, non the remainder of the units. They extend the seven-year mean life of hotel mattresses by five to ten old ages. Hotel eating houses cut down waste by utilizing washable table fabrics and dinnerware, reclaimable java filters and by supplying condiments in majority dispensers. Hotels can extinguish bottled H2O waste by utilizing filtered H2O. There are many more godforsaken bar schemes that hotels could deploy, such as: eliminating unrequested newspapers ; necessitating paperss to be printed on both sides of the page and with a smaller fount and borders ; inquiring hotel providers to cut down extra packaging ; and holding staff usage lasting mugs and cups, instead than disposables. The old furniture and the bed with the bed sheet can be donated to the infirmary establishments for reused and at the same clip their CSR additions.RecyclingMerchandises with minimum packaging can be ordered. Make grass cycling with the grass from the lawn. Stop supplying disposable mugs for illustration, purchase company mugs. Buy lasting towels, serviettes, etc. Promote the invitees to return the reclaimable merchandises. Introduce the waste bar programme to the invitees. ( ecogreenhotel, 2009 ) .2.9.5. Environmental Management SystemsEnvironmental direction systems ( EMSs ) provide a model that can assist organisations incorporate tools such as cleaner production. EMSs involve the accomplishment of environmental ends through the direction of environmental facets in a consistent manner. Environmental ends, policies, mensurable aims are set by the administration and achieved through the control of operations. Waste minimisation can be an Environmental Policy and nonsubjective set is less than 2 % of Solid Waste Generation or Zero Waste2.9.6 EIA Guide Line For Proposed Coastal Hotel Projects, July 2004In 2008, some 44 EIA licenses were granted of which 12 ( 27 % ) were issued to set down allotment and 8 ( 18 % ) were provided to coastal hotels and related plants There is an addition of hotel in our coastal part and an EIA is requires under subdivision 15 of the EPA 2002 for the coastal hotels.Under subdivision 3.7 of the EIA guideline, July 2004, for each impact the subdivision should province stairss to avoid or cut down it, for illustration, is as follows: Beginning, Type, Generation, ,Collection and disposal of solid wastes One EIA study for Proposal for the Construction of new Hotel at Tamarin Medine Ltd had been verified and found that that the undermentioned statement has been made Waste generated from the kitchen and accoutrement services if non decently managed may do direct impact on the environing.Indirect impacts may be caused by proliferation of rats, insects and emanation of bad odor ( EIA Report,2009 -Ministry of Environment and N.D.U. )2.9.7 Impact Mitigation MeasuresHotels will be committed to suitably pull off its solid wastes. Equally much as possible, solid waste wastes will be sorted for its different constituents. Biodegradable waste will be composted.Other waste will be kept in certain bins located in the dorsum house prior being carted off by accredited companies.Measures for waste direction to be implemented are as follows: Kind out wastes at beginning ( glass, paper, biodegradable substances, metals, tins Compost garden green waste and kitchen waste Provide particular bin for disposal of batteries, cartridges, bulbs etc ( EIA study Tamarin Medine Ltd,2009 ) 2.9.8 Environment and Health Waste is unsightly and malodorous, fouling land, air and H2O, choke offing drainage systems, presenting serious public wellness hazards, and curtailing possible land usage The combustion of refuse releases smoke and risky substances. Leachate from the waste can pollute dirt, surface H2O and groundwater. Mosquitos that can transport dengue fever as last twelvemonth this disease recur. Mosquitoes breed in fresh H2O from accumulated rainfall in tins and bottles.Disease vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and gnawers thrive on solid waste Workers frequently do non utilize safety equipment such as facemasks, ear stoppers, baseball mitts and proper footwear, and there is a demand for instruction about wellness and safety issues2.9.9. EconomicWaste recycling can cut down waste disposal costs for local governments by widening the life of landfills, cut downing the demand to put in conveyance vehicles and equipment, cut downing vehicle operation and care costs, and cut downing fuel ingestion for transporting waste Businesss are provided with inexpensive natural stuffs. In Mauritius some hotels are used recycle stuffs such as the home bases make of spectacless, chairs, kitchen waste usage for composting and used for gardening.Thus the usage of recycled stuffs reduces the demand to import natural stuffs, intending that less money is spent on foreign currency.RESEARCH METHODOLOY3.1 Research MethodsInformation was gathered utilizing a assortment of methods to derive a better apprehension of the state of affairs, issues, positions and precedences. The primary informations will be obtained by using the undermentioned methods viz. Interviews, Site Visit for Observations, Email of Survey Questionnaires to the selected Hotel The secondary informations will be obtained by reexamining the literature obtaining from the goggle bookman, University of Mauritius Library Search, Publications, ,Magazine Articles and Resent News.Some information will besides be obtained from the www.lexpress.mu -Newspaper L'Express3.2 Document and Literature ReviewLiterature refering solid waste direction in hotel industry was reviewed. Documents were collected from assorted beginnings such as universities, industry associations, foreign bureaus, authorities establishments, AHRIM, Books, Magazine Articles, Publications, Present News, research bookman utilizing goggle and statistic office, Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit, Ministry Of Local Government, Solid Waste Unit3.3InterviewsInterviews will be conducted with the Small, Medium and Large Hotels, To larn about the Hotel Solid Waste Management ( HSWM ) plan, I will interview staff chiefly the Maintenance Manager, Quality Assurance Manager, Health and Safety O fficer, the Head of Restaurant, Chef Cook, Food and Beverage Manager, Executive Housekeeper from those selected hotel Consecutive conversations with the staffs will be helpful for deriving a better apprehension of the issues that emerged. An initial set of inquiries will be prepared as per our Survey Questionnaire Appendix I in progress and extra inquiries were asked as the interviews will be conducted. This site visit interview will be appropriate for our mini undertaking Harmonizing to Tourism Welfare Fund Authority and AHRIM the undermentioned hotels are classified asHotel SizeROOM RANGENO OF HOTELS FROM LISTSAMPLE SIZESmall1-506161Medium50 – 1003461Large& gt ; 1003861A pilot study questionnaire will be designed by me and one questionnaire will be sent to for illustration Oberoi Hotel or any hotel..A brief session will be done with the Management, the Quality Assurance Manager of the hotel.The questionnaire will be redesigned for easy application in hotel sector. Hotels will be selected harmonizing to their room scope as shown in table above.The hotel representative will be contacted for the research on solid waste direction at these hotel. A consent and understanding will be obtained for our handiness to those hotels. The study questionnaire will be posted by mail for their exact apprehension of the questionnaire and can look for information about solid waste generated by the hotel. An assignment will be fixed and during our study, we will carry on a site visit rating about the different waste coevals, the estimated measures of waste generated and waste minimisation by the different section and its hotel waste direction within the hotel. An audit programme will be prepared for scrutinizing about the solid waste coevals in those selected hotels for how solid waste is treated, disposed, who removed the waste, the consequence of these solid waste in the environment During our study with one hotel, we can be referred to other hotels and if new hotel it will added to our list of hotels to be surveyed.Because some hotels can reply the questionnaire really tardily or some will non reply at all. Obtaining entree to these hotels will be a really ambitious task.Normally it is non easy from acquiring entree in hotels.3.4ObservationField work refering to solid waste direction in hotel will be conducted harmonizing a Gantt Chart.. These field visits helped us to familiarise with solid waste direction patterns and challenges in the hotel industries. During our site visit a solid waste audit will be carried out utilizing the same questionnaire as per study.Observations and issues will be discussed informally with staff and consequences will be noted. The Waste Management Practices, Solid Waste Minimization, Reuse, and Recycling will be observed for the different size hotelDatas AnalysisAll information and information obtained will be statistically analyzed utilizing the SPSS package Both qualitative and quantitative informations will be used to depict and measure the hotel solid waste direction plan. Qualitative information analysis involved reexamining paperss and sorting informations into similar classs and subjects. Quantitative information will be tabulated and so interpreted.3.4. Challenges and RestrictionsMaking research involves undertaking a figure of challenges because world frequently differs from what is planned. In this subdivision, challenges and obstructions will meet during the research procedure will be identified.Lack of AccessibilityMany hotel can assist us to derive entree to other hotels which will ease our entree to the hotels.The job of deriving entree can be a serious job particularly for hotel.Even with the support of the hotels mentioned above, deriving entree to the hotels visit were will be really hard. 3.6 Appendix II for Calculation of Solid Waste Generated by Hotel4.0 Chapter 4 – Discussion4.1 ANALYSIS OF HOTEL INSDUSTRYYear Year 2006 Year 2007 Year 2008 Year 2009 2010 Jan to Feb No. Of Tourist Arrival 788276 906971 930456 871356 164223 The reaching of tourer from twelvemonth 2006 to twelvemonth 2003 shows an addition in the reaching of tourer and a little lessening in twelvemonth 2009 due to fiscal crisis.The prognosis of the reaching this twelvemonth,2010 has the inclination to increase to 915,000. Prognosis of tourer reachings are based on the followers: – yesteryear tendencies infinite being a major restraint on such a little island. It is clear that Mauritius will confront acute jobs of solid waste disposal in the following few old ages. At the terminal of December 2009, there were 102 registered hotels in operation, with a entire room capacity of 11,456 and 23,235 bed topographic points. The mean room tenancy rate for all hotels for 2009 was 61 % while bed tenancy rate averaged 54 % .Table 3 Show Hotels, Rooms and Bed topographic pointsDue to the widespread and rapid touristry growing, the negative environmental impacts of the touristry industry are rather apparent. Tourism greatly depends on environmental and cultural resources, which offers resource-based activities that invariably interact with the natural systems. One of the chief environmental impacts of the cordial reception industry is increased load to solid waste direction It is found from the literature reappraisal that if solid waste are non decently managed, there may be negative consequence on the environment and the community In Mauritius many hotels are non mensurate the qty of waste being produced. However if these hotels kept the waste informations it will be a great benefit for them to command the cost.Screening and Storage and Waste DisposalIn hotel really the waste is collected in different bins. Some hotels chiefly the big one will utilize separate bins for segregating waste at beginning.Different bins, Food bin, Glass Bin, Plastic Bin are placed at kitchen and restaurant country.The big hotel will emptied these bins as when required and on every dark before traveling place.Then the bins are clean and kept in a specific topographic point for drying.Large Hotel has fund to finance the waste programme and handiness of topographic point for storage. Most of the Small and Medium Hotels deficiency of infinite and the storage is non in appropriate conditions For Most of the hotel the transportation is subcontracted to cleaning service such as Securiclean, Maxiclean ltd or even to private lorry.Sometime due to hapless direction of solid waste, hapless storage, and abnormality of waste bearer to roll up waste, make rise to bad odor, gnawers and sometimes it is non esthetics. There are batch of little and Medium Hotel dispose in an inappropriate conditions. In 2008, the entire sum of solid waste landfilled at Mare Chicose increased to 400,813 metric tons from 394,118 metric tons in 2007, up by 1.7 % Domestic waste constituted 93 % of the entire solid waste landfilled in 2008. The tendency of the sum of solid wastes landfilled is as shown belowWaste Reduction ProgramsWaste decrease plan is forestalling waste at its beginning, at a peculiar hotel installation. See Figure I, II and III for Sorting and Storage Bins used by Large Hotel Waste coevals by hotels and most of the hotels does non follow the Waste Reduction Programme.The Number of Small and Medium Hotels is more than the big hotels and each of these hotels when add all the waste together does a negative consequence on solid waste in Mauritius. Tourist who stay at these hotels do so anticipating to be pampered and unworried. Therefore, waste decrease plans need to be concentrated in such a manner to extinguish the impairment of the service Therefore, waste minimisation is indispensable in the hotel industry with respects to blow decrease, reuse, recovery and disposalSeasonal Effect on Waste GenerationIt is apparent that the measures of solid waste coevals by hotels besides depend on the season. The season with high hotel tenancy rate called â€Å" high season † is from November to May. We expect that the coevals of waste will be increased in high season while the low season is from June to October as per Oberoi Hotel, Le Plantation, and Mourouk Ebony Hotel.REGULATION, EMS and Environmental PolicyVery few Hotels has an Environmental Policy.It is notices that merely the big hotels are certified ISO 14001 such as Sun Resorts and Labourdonais Hotel. The two hotels mentioned has its Environmental and Purchasing Policy for Waste Minimization, Reduction, Reused and Recovery. These hotels are Eco friendly.They buy largely Eco merchandises that will non harm the environment5.0 DecisionClearly, it takes clip and attempt to develop an effectual waste direction plan. However, it pays off with a better underside line, a greener image and an healthier environment for any types of hotel.The HSWM plan provides a theoretical account for larning about the conditions refering to solid waste direction in Mauritius. The complexness of issues associated with solid waste direction makes solid waste planning and direction a challenging undertaking. The end of this research is to aim the cordial reception industry to implement waste direction policies and patterns via waste decrease, reuse, recycling and composting to minimise the sum of waste come ining the waste watercourse. It is besides apparent that little and average hotels pay less attending for the execution of waste minimisation than larger hotels, because the costs outweigh the benefits. Since they are non bring forthing an copiousness of solid waste, these smaller hotels believe it is non economically executable to pattern these techniques at their installation. However everyone must do it a duty on their portion the articulation the race for environmental quality.6.0 RecommendationsFor any hotels whether little, medium or big hotel, the undermentioned actions need to be taken in order for the HSWM to be successfully implemented6.1 AT the Level of the HotelAction 1: Make a waste decrease squadThere should be a full committedness of the top direction on how to cut down, reuse or recycle the waste being generated.Management ‘s function is to supply way and support. When the direction squad to the full supports rubbish decrease, employees will experience motivated to take part. See composing a formal environmental policy that includes waste decrease.Action 2 Cost ManagementSet up an accounting system that reflects monthly refuse direction costs and nest eggs. Generate a monthly study that tracks disposal and recycling information. Establish a budget for the recycling plan. Allocate financess for buying recycling containers and equipment and for implementing instruction and publicity plans.Action 3: Behavior a Waste AssessmentBefore you design a successful decrease plan. Carry out a solid waste appraisal By analyzing the contents of your installation ‘s Dumpsters and entering how frequently they are emptied, you can find the types and sum of cast-off points and make up one's mind which can be recycledAction 4: Establish Waste Reduction GoalsAnalyze the Waste Stream Assessment signifier that you completed in the old measure, and expression for stuff that can be reduced, reused, or recycled. Then set ends for each attack. As a sensible outlook, you might take to cut down waste production by 10 per centum, reuse 10 per centum of the waste now being discarded, and recycle 50 per centum. Remember, up to two-thirds of a hotel ‘s waste is reclaimable!ACTION 5: BUY RECYCLE PRODUCTSTo to the full take part in the recycling procedure, hotels need to buy merchandises made from recycled stuffs every bit good as cod recyclables. Buying recycled merchandises helps develop the market for reclaimable stuffs and increases their value.ACTION 6 EDUCATE STAFF AND PROMOTE THE PROGRAMMEThroughout your recycling plan, you will acknowledge an ongoing demand to advance and promote full engagement by employees and invitees. Employees will necessitate continual developing on aggregation and storage of reclaimable stuffs. Guests will necessitate guidelines for dividing stuffs for recycling.ACTION 7: Form a Cluster for Small and Medium EntrepriseFor Small and Medium Hotels, they can organize a bunch and authorities can assist them in giving grant for implementing the solid waste minimisation and installations such as bins, and aggregation for transportation in order for successful of the waste direction.However many little and average hotels do non hold adequate infinites and therefore authorities shall necessitate to supply a topographic point where all little and average hotels can dispose his organic waste for composting.However they can farm out the composting procedure.Action 8: Donate/Recycle Old or Reclaimable MaterialsHotel care and upkeep requires that points like rug, phones, mattresses, etc. be upgraded and replaced sporadically. Oftentimes, reclaimable or reclaimable stuffs are frequently discarded in the procedure. It is suggested that the Hotel reach the undermentioned local resources before disposing of potentially reclaimable stuffs List of Recycling Companies available at the Ministry of Local Government, Solid Waste Unit6.2 NATIONAL Degree:6,2.1 Role of the GovernmentThe authorities should promote the development of better waste direction through waste decrease, reuse, recycling, invention or rethinking and should back up concerns and communities through pilot undertakings, support, preparation, proficient aid, information exchange, follow-up support and monitoring. The authorities should promote better waste direction patterns and assist create markets for waste stuffs through policy devising, economic inducements,6.2.1 RegulationsEnforcement of ordinances should be Ministry of Environment and non merely by Solid Waste Unit. Campaigns/promotions and by recognizing and giving awards to outdo patterns in waste direction, the authorities would assist increase the populace ‘s consciousness of enterprises such as the HSWM plan and promote others to follow si milar attacks. Educational activities such as the administration of conferences, seminars and workshops, publication of preparation manuals, and best patterns,6.2.3 FURTHER RESEARCHApart from solid waste direction, farther survey on WTE, Quality Of Composting, Energy ingestion and H2O ingestion by Hotel demand to be conducted for future research.