Holophrases in Language Acquisition

A holophrase is a single word (such as OK) that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. In studies of  language acquisition, the term holophrase refers more specifically to  an utterance produced by a child in which a single word expresses the type of meaning typically conveyed in adult speech by an entire sentence. Adjective: holophrastic. Rowe and Levine note that some holophrases are utterances that are more than one word, but are perceived by children as one word: I love you, thank you, Jingle Bells, there it is (A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, 2015). Holophrases in Language Acquisition [A]round six months children begin babbling and eventually imitating the linguistic sounds they hear in the immediate environment. . . . By the end of the first year, the first true words emerge (mama, dada, etc.). In the 1960s, the psycholinguist Martin Braine (1963, 1971) noticed that these single words gradually embodied the communicative functions of entire phrases: e.g. the childs word dada could mean Where is daddy? I want daddy, etc. according to situation. He called them holophrastic, or one-word, utterances. In situations of normal upbringing, holophrases reveal that a vast amount of neuro-physiological and conceptual development has taken place in the child by the end of the first year of life. During the holophrastic stage, in fact, children can name objects, express actions or the desire to carry out actions, and transmit emotional states rather effectively. (M. Danesi, Second Language Teaching. Springer, 2003) Many of childrens early  holophrases are  relatively idiosyncratic and their uses can change and evolve over time in a somewhat unstable manner. . . . In addition, however, some of childrens holophrases are a bit more conventional and stable. . . . In English, most beginning language learners acquire a number of so-called relational words such as more, gone, up, down, on, and off, presumably because adults use these words in salient ways to talk about salient events (Bloom, Tinker, and Margulis, 1993; McCune, 1992). Many of these words are verb particles in adult English, so the child at some point must learn to talk about the same events with phrasal verbs such as pick up, get down, put on, and take off. (Michael Tomasello,  Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 2003) Problems and Qualifications The problem of the holophrase [is] that we have no clear evidence that the child intends more than he can express at the one-word stage. (J. De Villiers and P. De Villiers, Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 1979)The single word in conjunction with the gestures and facial expressions is the equivalent of the whole sentence. By this account, the single word is not a holophrase, but one element in a complex of communications that includes nonverbal actions. (M. Cole et al., The Development of Children. Macmillan, 2004) Holophrases in Adult Language Holophrases are  of course a significant factor in modern adult language, for example, in idioms. But by and large, these have historical compositional origins (including by and large). In any specific example, words came first, then the composition, then the holophrase . . .. (Jerry R. Hobbs, The Origin and Evolution of Language: A Plausible Strong-AI Account.)

The Religion Of Christianity During The Palestine - 952 Words

The religion of Christianity was born in Palestine. Jews considered Palestine to be very sacred and viewed it as their Promise Land. Since Palestine was such a desirable location it was wanted by a multitude of foreign powers for the majority of its history. The Egyptians and Assyrians fought over Palestine for centuries. Babylon conquered Assyria and also conquered Palestine. The Persians, who were lead by Cyrus, came next and made it possible for the Jews to return to Palestine. The Greeks were next and then were conquered by the Roman Empire in 63 BC. Palestine was under Roman control when Jesus was born. Christianity was able to develop in atmosphere that was able to connect with the spread of religion. Christianity was joining an environment that was already full of diverse religions. Judaism was the immediate context of Christianity. Jesus, all of the apostles, and the earliest followers of Christianity were Jewish and all of their teachings and writings were shown in Jewish context. Jesus’ time was could be characterized as a small shift from church rituals to own personal ethics, unable to find happiness under foreign domination, a strong feeling of community with one another, and expecting the Messiah to come. Christianity started a movement within Judaism while the Jews were under foreign influence and rule. Multiple Jewish groups had formed during the time of Christ. These Jews had disgruntled views on religious authority with the Roman Empire. The mostShow MoreRelatedThe Birthplace Of Christianity : Israel1367 Words   |  6 PagesI chose to do my project on Israel to learn more about the birthplace of Christianity. Israel is approximately 8,550 square miles. Israel has very fertile and mountainous land around the Middle East and their population is 7,821,850. 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The lost thing free essay sample

Shaun Tan is an Australian illustrator, author of childrens books and projected fiction cover artist. â€Å"The Lost Thing† was originally published as a picture book for children in 2000. The screen adaptation of the story was released in 2010 and it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film the following year. â€Å"The Lost Thing† tells the story of a boy who discovers a bizarre lost creature at the beach and sets out to find somewhere it can belong. Tan draws from a large source of inspiration and cites many influences on his work. His inspiration in creating â€Å"The Lost Thing† was as he began to imagine a world where this was the only illustrated literature available, where everything was fully explained, clear and functional, including all verbal and visual language, all meaning predefined. If something playful and absurd suddenly appeared in this world, the reaction of the people would show the sense of acceptance and connections established. We will write a custom essay sample on The lost thing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This became the real subject of the story, not so much the problem of a lost creature as outlined by the text. Tan is omnivorous when it comes to influences, and he loves to admit this openly. Some influences are very direct and the strong language utilise conveys Tan’s awareness of the situation. â€Å"The Lost Thing† is a powerful example where Tan makes visual references to famous artworks. Many of his influences are a lot more subtle visually; some of the influences are ideological. INSIGHTS A sense of belonging can emerge from the connections made with people, places and the larger world. It is connections that influence where one searches for meaning in ones lives and ultimately where one belongs. This is shown throughout the short film ‘The Lost Thing’. When Tan uses â€Å"The Lost Thing† as a salient object it portrays the message that not everyone feels affiliated within a community. It is clearly portrayed throughout the short film that the creature and the central character aren’t accepted by society, the two protagonists have limited connections with the people around them, hence creating a relationship, and sense of community between themselves. One belongs when one feels connected to others and the world. These connections between people display their place in the world, and their acceptance by society. The restricted sense of acceptance by the characters conveys the message that they are clearly separated from the society around them. This builds the relationship between the two characters as they both have the similarity of not being accepted. This forms a connection with the two central characters starting the sense that they are accepted. Reciprocity is essential to forming a sense of belonging. This notion highlights the disconnections that the creature has with the society. The relationship the protagonist creates with â€Å"The Lost Thing† creates a mutual exchange of favours between the two, as the protagonist starts to feel privileged whilst creating the relationship with the creature. The mutual feeling is shaped as the protagonist sets out to discover where the creature is accepted and has connections with others around it, joining the wider world. Techniques â€Å"The Lost Thing† is a dominant metaphor for the creature on the beach as not only is it a reference about the abandoned creature; it is also inherent within the title. Often one feels pressured to conform to societal expectations. â€Å"The Lost Thing† is large; however everyone ignores it due to societys indifference. In other words you have to conform to belong to such a society in order to be accepted. As the protagonist is chucking things into â€Å"The Lost Things† head, a bright glow illuminates the area around the creature and the boy while the background is faded to black. This colour symbolisation metaphorically, puts forth the sense of self gained and enhanced through their common lack of connection. This sense of acceptance that the two displayed for one another established their affiliation, the audience gains this understanding due to the colour choice of yellow, depicting hope and light. Tan’s choice to then place the colour/bright glow around the protagonists head, provides a biblical allusion, reinforcing the ‘spiritual’ connection between the two. The directorial choices made by Andrew Ruhemann and Shaun Tan portray the loneliness of â€Å"The Lost Thing† and the protagonist. Where the protagonist is walking against the flow of people with â€Å"The Lost Thing† displays his individuality from the masses and the sense that they don’t belong. The juxtaposition Tan uses throughout the film has the effect of irony of how the contrasting creatures feel accepted by each other. In the end, the choices made by Andrew Ruhemann and Shaun Tan display how the protagonist is accepted and that he found his place in society. The frame zooms out showing that his tram is identical to the many others around it showing the similarities with the other people in the community. The powerful use of symbolism emphasises the deep red rusty colours of the industrialised environment. The colour â€Å"red† also emphasises the inherent use of danger. However, the lonely character throws that worry to side to try to find his place of acceptance. The narration throughout the short film also conveys the message of no association with the society. The use of tone used in the narrator’s voice portrays a dull sound emphasising sadness and loneliness. This tone builds an effect on the audience as it conveys the meaning of how it feels to not be accepted. The lost thing free essay sample An outsider I often a person who is perceived to be on the borders of society and it’s through their actions they outlook from the rest of the public. Being an outsider is often associated with segregation and disapproval, however in Shaun Tan’s short film the concept of outsider is celebrated. In ‘The lost Thing’ audience can see an outsider in the sterilized community and through Tan’s use of juxtaposition and narrative voice, we discover and follow the lost things voyage to be in the right place, belonging. Recall Firstly the use of colour is a vibrant technique used by Shaun Tan to explore the role of the outsider in The Lost Thing. The lost thing has been found in the wrong ‘world’ and is noticeably out of place. This is revealed first and fore mostly through the use of colour which shows the lost thing to be frankly different to the world around him. We will write a custom essay sample on The lost thing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While the sterilized and plain world of the boy is symbolized through dull colours and solid, harsh lines of the buildings and homes. The grey and black of the boy’s world is juxtaposed against the bright red and roundedness of the lost thing which in turn, clearly shows that the lost thing is the outsider in this world. This is obvious to the audience during the scene where the boy is taking the lost thing through the city and in the long-shot of the city street we see the bright red stand out against the greyness of the city streets as all the citizens move in one direction, dressed all alike in grey and black. In the meantime the lost thing moves brightly in the opposite direction posing the question to the viewers, is it a negative factor to be the outsider here in this dull and plain world? Moreover an alternative technique that is used by Tan to discover the concept is recurring motif. A motif is a frequent/ repeated pattern or design in a work. For instance, in the concept of the outsider and referring back to the film ‘the lost thing’ we can see that tan had incorporated this technique of reoccurring motif by the use of symbolism. A major example from the film is the repetition on the signs. Signs paly vital role in society and in the short film, because signs are used to show the presence or occurrence of a place or thing. So looking at the film the sign is important in the like of the lost thing. A person narrating the story, is always a pleasant way to intake a story. Therefore anther technique which is understandable in concept of the outsider is the technique of first person narration. This technique is seen all throughout the film. By using this technique, Tan adds emotion to the story. Through his tone of voice we can experience his feelings. With technique of first person narration we can also incorporate the technique of sound and music. These two techniques plays a vital role in this short film because it is through the use of sound the message is conveyed. A prime example of this could include when at the starting of the film the music is all dull and gloomy and the sound effect of lost thing moving gives us as the audience a sensation that the big rounded thing doesn’t fit in that society. In addition to this, when the boy get that sigh form the assistant at the lost property place, the music starts to change. Through the rest of the lost things journey to belonging the music is all happy and cheerful. The change is atmosphere is very visible to the audience. In conclusion it is through the use of all these techniques the concept of the lost thing is clearly celebrated trough this short film. All the techniques tie in to give it that extraordinary effect, via the use of these techniques the audience are able to connect with the emotions of the lost thing, and follow its journey to belonging.

Nuclear Pollution Essay Example

Nuclear Pollution Paper Kirk Sorensen fits into my essay as background of Fuchsia crisis, what caused F-Kashmir Lana leaked the radioactive substance, this background is essential because readers need know what happened in Fuchsia, so that readers can easily understand the scholarly conversation section in my essay. Author: Kirk Sorensen Author bias: Kirk Sorensen is a nuclear technologist, who operates the site neuropathology. Com, Publisher: Forbes. Forbes is an American business magazine owned by Forbes, Inc. Published biweekly, it features original articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics Publisher bias: There is no bias and these site just explanations of what happened at Fuchsia-Didactic. Comprehensiveness: This article analyzes the cause, process and results about Japan Fuchsia Didactic. Also elaborated on why the plant will produce explosion, for example, they do not have to use coolant fluids like water that must operate at high pressures in order to achieve high temperatures. Timeliness: no date. Annotation The author in his article talks about the largest earthquake in modern Japanese hit the Fuchsia-Didactic nuclear power plant, the earthquake did not damage the plant, and the staff in the plant executed a preprogrammed response and began to close the nuclear power plant, but in the first few ours after a nuclear reactor shuts down, fission products are producing significant amounts of heat and unlike fission, this heat generation cant be turned off. It has to run its course to completion. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, managing what is called decay heat is one of the most important aspects of operating a nuclear reactor safely. To remove the heat, todays reactors have an abundance of safety systems, all of which have the same mission, to keep removing decay heat from the nuclear fuel. Unfortunately, when the reactors of Fuchsia Didactic were cooling down, the tsunami came, which destroyed he diesel generators that provide power to drive the pumps that circulate the water coolant through the reactor that removes decay heat. As a result, the reactors become heater and heater, at last, the shield could not endure the high temperature and ruptured at last. Stricter, L. (2012). Nuclear safety chief calls for reform. Nature, 472(7343), 274. DOI: 10. 1038/472274a Evaluation Relevance: This is an article in a peer-reviewed article, the author is Laurent Stricter, a nuclear engineer who is chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WAND), mentions that the nuclear reactors are not safety, e worries about the nuclear industry now is overconfident about their designs and operators. Evidence: Laurent Stickers article fits into my essay as a major position within my scholar conversation part, I will put Laurent Stickers idea on the second section which introduce the scholarly conversation on the nuclear energy safety to explain what reasons that experts appeal us to stop nuclear energy. Whether nuclear energy is safety or not? This is an important question for my essay, and Laurent Stricter disagrees that nuclear energy is safe, especially he thinks this unsafely will threat the people who live nearby he nuclear sites. Author: Laurent Stricter, chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators Author bias: The author point of view is that there are not enough plans in place to immediately help an operator in another country to cope with an accident and he worries about the nuclear industry now is overconfident about their designs and operators. Publisher: Nature publishing group is the worlds best science and medicine website. The site has a lot of scientific research subject, such as energy, natural. Publisher bias: There is no bias and the site will analyze many experimental results or scientific facts. Comprehensiveness: This article is an interview. A respondent is nuclear authority. He analyzed the impact of Japans nuclear energy to produce a series of carefully. Such as, when people ask him: If there is another major accident, is nuclear energy finished? He said: fear so. As we have seen at Fuchsia, an accident in one country has consequences for all nuclear operators elsewhere. Timeliness: The article published online 18 April 2011, so is timely.. Annotation Laurent Stricter points out there has several enormous nuclear sites near ensue population is very unsafely, and he said that after the Fuchsia crisis, showed nuclear sites lack the ability to deal with the accidents such as a loss of electricity supply and cooling capacity. He emphasizes in his article that if there is another major accident happened, the nuclear energy may finished in the future, because the consequence of the nuclear energy accident is too serious to continue it in a country, like what happened in Fuchsia. Baby,Y. The Problems Facing Nuclear Power in Japan Emphasizing Law and Regulations. Retrieved from: HTTPS://m. W/. Coed-nee. Org/law/nil/nil-69/nylon- ABA. PDF Evaluation Relevance: This article introduces the Japanese government how to solve the nuclear pollution. Evidence: In this paper, the author will introduce Japans three major nuclear energy-related laws. He will also discuss the present situation surrounding nuclear power in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing with the emphasis on law and regulations. Author: Hoist Baby. Mr.. Baby is Researcher at the Japan Energy Law institute. Author bias: The facts contained and Ideas expressed in this article are the responsibility of the author alone. Publisher: No. Publisher bias: No. Comprehensiveness: Nuclear power now plays a very important role in the lives of Japanese people. Nuclear power has made a big contribution to a stable supply of electric power in Japan. Nevertheless, in Japan today; the general public has a negative view of nuclear power development. In this report, the author introduced the present situation of nuclear power in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing, especially with respect to laws and regulations. The author think In this report, introduced the present situation Of nuclear rower in Japan, including various problems that the government and electric power companies are facing, especially with respect to laws and regulations. European Commission,(201 3), Renewable energy.